entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-51-4192-00"
socCode = "51-4192.00"
title = "Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic"
summary = "Lay out reference points and dimensions on metal or plastic stock or workpieces, such as sheets, plates, tubes, structural shapes, castings, or machine parts, for further processing. Includes shipfitters."
aliases = ["Layout Inspector", "Layout Man", "Layout Technician (Layout Tech)", "Layout Worker", "Development Mechanic", "Layout Fabricator", "Layout Fitter", "Layout Mechanic", "Aircraft Lay Out Worker", "Bellmaker", "Dimensional Inspector", "Duplicator"]
emergingTasks = []

[preparation]
jobZone = "2"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone 1-2: Very Little to Some Preparation Needed"
education = "Usually requires a high school diploma or GED, though some occupations may not."
experience = "Some occupations may need little or no previous experience; others require several months to a year of experience. For example, landscaping and groundskeeping workers might require very little training or previous experience, while agricultural equipment operators can benefit from on-the job training."
svpRange = "(Below 6.0)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "High School Diploma"
percentage = 60.01

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Some College Courses"
percentage = 14.54

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Post-Secondary Certificate"
percentage = 11.59

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree)"
percentage = 8.99

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Less than a High School Diploma"
percentage = 4.88

[educationLevel]
category = "High school diploma or equivalent"
slug = "high-school-diploma-or-equivalent"

[market]
medianWage = 61870
meanWage = 65770
pct10Wage = 40430
pct25Wage = 51810
pct75Wage = 76980
pct90Wage = 93230
employment = 5610
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 5

[[industries.top]]
naics = "31-33"
slug = "31-33"
title = "Manufacturing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 3870
medianWage = 61870
lq = 8.33

[[industries.top]]
naics = "23"
slug = "23"
title = "Construction"
level = "Sector"
employment = 420
medianWage = 93600
lq = 1.42

[[industries.top]]
naics = "238220"
slug = "238220"
title = "Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors"
level = "National industry"
medianWage = 93640

[[industries.top]]
naics = "56"
slug = "56"
title = "Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services"
level = "Sector"
medianWage = 63700

[[industries.top]]
naics = "561320"
slug = "561320"
title = "Temporary Help Services"
level = "National industry"
medianWage = 61710

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "31-33"
slug = "31-33"
title = "Manufacturing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 3870
lq = 8.33

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "23"
slug = "23"
title = "Construction"
level = "Sector"
employment = 420
lq = 1.42

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = false
usageRelease = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 25
percentile = 22
band = "Low"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 28
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 29
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 19
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.84
percentile = 69
band = "High"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0
beta = 0.13043478260869565
gamma = 0.2608695652173913

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = -5.4
growthPercentile = 12
direction = "Declining"
annualOpeningsThousands = 0.5
annualOpeningsPercentile = 7
employment2024Thousands = 5.7
employment2034Thousands = 5.4

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = -0.7221353
percentile = 28
band = "Low"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.2608695652173913
percentile = 29
band = "Low"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.07287194288582152
percentile = 19
band = "Low"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Compute layout dimensions, and determine and mark reference points on metal stock or workpieces for further processing, such as welding and assembly."
usagePercent = 0.0019514479743970028
importance = 4.18

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[counts]
tasks = 14
skills = 35
capabilities = 120
tools = 8
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "d34d17a6e5e48059"

[[tasks]]
text = "Mark curves, lines, holes, dimensions, and welding symbols onto workpieces, using scribes, soapstones, punches, and hand drills."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ao"

[[tasks]]
text = "Plan locations and sequences of cutting, drilling, bending, rolling, punching, and welding operations, using compasses, protractors, dividers, and rules."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.6.b"

[[tasks]]
text = "Fit and align fabricated parts to be welded or assembled."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ao"

[[tasks]]
text = "Locate center lines and verify template positions, using measuring instruments such as gauge blocks, height gauges, and dial indicators."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ao"

[[tasks]]
text = "Plan and develop layouts from blueprints and templates, applying knowledge of trigonometry, design, effects of heat, and properties of metals."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.k"

[[tasks]]
text = "Lay out and fabricate metal structural parts such as plates, bulkheads, and frames."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.aj"

[[tasks]]
text = "Install doors, hatches, brackets, and clips."
type = "Supplemental"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ab"

[[tasks]]
text = "Compute layout dimensions, and determine and mark reference points on metal stock or workpieces for further processing, such as welding and assembly."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.3.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Brace parts in position within hulls or ships for riveting or welding."
type = "Supplemental"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Lift and position workpieces in relation to surface plates, manually or with hoists, and using parallel blocks and angle plates."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.h"

[[tasks]]
text = "Inspect machined parts to verify conformance to specifications."
type = "Supplemental"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.f"

[[tasks]]
text = "Add dimensional details to blueprints or drawings made by other workers."
type = "Supplemental"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.o"

[[activities]]
name = "Align parts or workpieces to ensure proper assembly."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ao"

[[activities]]
name = "Design templates or patterns."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.k"

[[activities]]
name = "Assemble metal or plastic parts or products."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.aj"

[[activities]]
name = "Lay out parts to prepare for assembly."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ao"

[[activities]]
name = "Draw guide lines or markings on materials or workpieces using patterns or other references."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ao"

[[activities]]
name = "Calculate dimensions of workpieces, products, or equipment."
iwa = "4.A.1.b.3.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Lift materials or workpieces using cranes or other lifting equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.h"

[[activities]]
name = "Plan production or operational procedures or sequences."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.6.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Inspect metal, plastic, or composite products."
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Construct patterns, templates, or other work aids."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.aj"

[[activities]]
name = "Assemble metal structures."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Create diagrams or blueprints for workpieces or products."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.o"

[[activities]]
name = "Attach decorative or functional accessories to products."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ab"

[[activities]]
name = "Apply protective or decorative finishes to workpieces or products."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ag"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.07

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Design"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.78

[[capabilities]]
name = "Visualization"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Arm-Hand Steadiness"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mechanical"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.51

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Manual Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Production and Processing"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.36

[[capabilities]]
name = "Engineering and Technology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.31

[[capabilities]]
name = "English Language"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.31

[[capabilities]]
name = "Building and Construction"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.29

[[capabilities]]
name = "Administration and Management"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.28

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematical Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Flexibility of Closure"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Perceptual Speed"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Selective Attention"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Computers and Electronics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.08

[[capabilities]]
name = "Education and Training"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.03

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Monitoring"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Operations Monitoring"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Quality Control Analysis"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Judgment and Decision Making"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Category Flexibility"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Number Facility"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Control Precision"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Multilimb Coordination"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Trunk Strength"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Far Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Word"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Excel"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Psychology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Geography"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Installation"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Presentation Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "Autodesk AutoCAD"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Excel"
category = "Spreadsheet software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Office software"
category = "Office suite software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
category = "Presentation software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Word"
category = "Word processing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Hexagon Metrology PC-DMIS"
category = "Procedure management software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Inventory tracking software"
category = "Inventory management software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Optical Gaging Products Measure-X"
category = "Procedure management software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets"
value = 5

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 4.69

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Contaminants"
value = 4.65

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 4.64

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable"
value = 4.62

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 4.59

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled"
value = 4.45

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 4.29

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 4.28

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures"
value = 4.24

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Equipment"
value = 4.03

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 3.92

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings"
value = 3.85

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 3.77

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions"
value = 3.7

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 3.68

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 3.56

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 3.55

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 3.48

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 3.47

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body"
value = 3.44

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 3.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 3.33

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 3.26

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 3.25

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Conditions"
value = 3.19

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 3.14

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 3.06

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 2.98

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions"
value = 2.92

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 2.91

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection"
value = 2.87

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 2.87

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling"
value = 2.79

[[workContext]]
name = "Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment"
value = 2.6

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to High Places"
value = 2.56

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People"
value = 2.5

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Under Cover"
value = 2.43

[[workContext]]
name = "E-Mail"
value = 2.32

[[workContext]]
name = "Written Letters and Memos"
value = 2.3

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 6.48

[[personFit]]
name = "Engineering"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.79

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical/Manual Labor"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.33

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.89

[[personFit]]
name = "Mechanics/Electronics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 3.25

[[personFit]]
name = "Artistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 2.88

[[personFit]]
name = "Investigative"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 2.83

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.67

[[personFit]]
name = "Mathematics/Statistics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.64

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.16

[[personFit]]
name = "Construction/Woodwork"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.12

[[personFit]]
name = "Cautiousness"
family = "work_style"
value = 1.96

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 1.63

[[personFit]]
name = "Transportation/Machine Operation"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 1.43

[[personFit]]
name = "Information Technology"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 1.38

[[personFit]]
name = "Visual Arts"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 1.35

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-2041.00"
slug = "role-51-2041-00"
title = "Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-2011.00"
slug = "role-51-2011-00"
title = "Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-4062.00"
slug = "role-51-4062-00"
title = "Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-4061.00"
slug = "role-51-4061-00"
title = "Model Makers, Metal and Plastic"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-2211.00"
slug = "role-47-2211-00"
title = "Sheet Metal Workers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-4111.00"
slug = "role-51-4111-00"
title = "Tool and Die Makers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-7032.00"
slug = "role-51-7032-00"
title = "Patternmakers, Wood"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-2031.00"
slug = "role-51-2031-00"
title = "Engine and Other Machine Assemblers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-2221.00"
slug = "role-47-2221-00"
title = "Structural Iron and Steel Workers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-9195.00"
slug = "role-51-9195-00"
title = "Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-7031.00"
slug = "role-51-7031-00"
title = "Model Makers, Wood"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-2031.00"
slug = "role-47-2031-00"
title = "Carpenters"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Advanced Manufacturing"
slug = "advanced-manufacturing"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Precision Production"
slug = "precision-production"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.84
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = -0.7221353
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = -0.0160197
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = -0.9359565
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
