# Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay

> Inspect, test, repair, or maintain electrical equipment in generating stations, substations, and in-service relays.
- **Entity Type:** role
- **Schema Version:** role.v1
- **Soc Code:** 49-2095.00
- **Summary:** Inspect, test, repair, or maintain electrical equipment in generating stations, substations, and in-service relays.

## Aliases

- Relay Technician
- Substation Electrician
- Substation Technician
- Wireman
- Electrical Technician
- Electrical and Instrumentation Technician (E and I Technician)
- Instrument and Control Technician (I and C Technician)
- Instrumentation and Control Technician (I and C Technician)
- Substation Mechanic
- Substation Wireman
- Apparatus Lineman
- Corrosion Control Fitter

## Tasks

| Text | Type | Iwa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Inspect and test equipment and circuits to identify malfunctions or defects, using wiring diagrams and testing devices such as ohmmeters, voltmeters, or ammeters. | Core | 4.A.1.b.2.g |
| Prepare and maintain records detailing tests, repairs, and maintenance. | Core | 4.A.3.b.6.h |
| Consult manuals, schematics, wiring diagrams, and engineering personnel to troubleshoot and solve equipment problems and to determine optimum equipment functioning. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.b |
| Analyze test data to diagnose malfunctions, to determine performance characteristics of systems, or to evaluate effects of system modifications. | Core | 4.A.2.a.4.l |
| Notify facility personnel of equipment shutdowns. | Core | 4.A.4.a.2.c |
| Open and close switches to isolate defective relays, performing adjustments or repairs. | Core | 4.A.3.a.2.i |
| Construct, test, maintain, and repair substation relay and control systems. | Supplemental | 4.A.1.b.2.l |
| Test insulators and bushings of equipment by inducing voltage across insulation, testing current, and calculating insulation loss. | Supplemental | 4.A.1.b.2.l |
| Repair, replace, and clean equipment and components such as circuit breakers, brushes, and commutators. | Core | 4.A.3.a.1.c |
| Schedule and supervise the construction and testing of special devices and the implementation of unique monitoring or control systems. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.b.5.b |
| Schedule and supervise splicing or termination of cables in color-code order. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.b.5.b |
| Test oil in circuit breakers and transformers for dielectric strength, refilling oil periodically. | Supplemental | 4.A.1.b.2.c |

## Emerging Tasks

| Text |
| --- |
| Calibrate instruments, such as transmitters. |
| Use drones for inspection of high-voltage lines and other hard-to-reach equipment. |

## Activities

| Name | Iwa |
| --- | --- |
| Test electrical equipment or systems to ensure proper functioning. | 4.A.1.b.2.l |
| Repair electronic equipment. | 4.A.3.b.5.b |
| Inspect equipment to locate or identify electrical problems. | 4.A.1.b.2.g |
| Read technical information needed to perform maintenance or repairs. | 4.A.1.a.1.b |
| Confer with coworkers to coordinate work activities. | 4.A.4.a.2.c |
| Control power supply connections. | 4.A.3.a.2.i |
| Repair electrical circuits or wiring. | 4.A.3.b.5.b |
| Document operational activities. | 4.A.3.b.6.h |
| Maintain repair or maintenance records. | 4.A.3.b.6.h |
| Analyze test or performance data to assess equipment operation. | 4.A.2.a.4.l |
| Test electrical circuits or components for proper functioning. | 4.A.1.b.2.l |
| Clean equipment, parts, or tools to repair or maintain them in good working order. | 4.A.3.a.1.c |
| Repair electrical components. | 4.A.3.b.5.b |
| Connect electrical components or equipment. | 4.A.3.a.2.ah |
| Schedule repair, installation or maintenance activities. | 4.A.2.b.5.b |
| Supervise employees. | 4.A.4.b.4.a |
| Document test results. | 4.A.3.b.6.i |
| Test fluids to identify contamination or other problems. | 4.A.1.b.2.c |
| Maintain inventories of materials, equipment, or products. | 4.A.4.c.3.a |
| Order materials, supplies, or equipment. | 4.A.4.c.3.e |

## Capabilities

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mechanical | knowledge | 4.3 |
| Mathematics | knowledge | 3.92 |
| Engineering and Technology | knowledge | 3.91 |
| Near Vision | ability | 3.88 |
| Public Safety and Security | knowledge | 3.87 |
| English Language | knowledge | 3.81 |
| Critical Thinking | essential_skill | 3.75 |
| Oral Comprehension | ability | 3.75 |
| Problem Sensitivity | ability | 3.75 |
| Arm-Hand Steadiness | ability | 3.75 |
| Computers and Electronics | knowledge | 3.73 |
| Design | knowledge | 3.73 |
| Equipment Maintenance | transferable_skill | 3.62 |
| Repairing | transferable_skill | 3.62 |
| Written Comprehension | ability | 3.62 |
| Oral Expression | ability | 3.62 |
| Physics | knowledge | 3.54 |
| Troubleshooting | transferable_skill | 3.5 |
| Information Ordering | ability | 3.5 |
| Building and Construction | knowledge | 3.43 |
| Reading Comprehension | essential_skill | 3.38 |
| Operations Monitoring | transferable_skill | 3.25 |
| Quality Control Analysis | transferable_skill | 3.25 |
| Finger Dexterity | ability | 3.25 |
| Control Precision | ability | 3.25 |
| Visual Color Discrimination | ability | 3.25 |
| Education and Training | knowledge | 3.24 |
| Active Listening | essential_skill | 3.12 |
| Speaking | essential_skill | 3.12 |
| Complex Problem Solving | transferable_skill | 3.12 |
| Written Expression | ability | 3.12 |
| Deductive Reasoning | ability | 3.12 |
| Inductive Reasoning | ability | 3.12 |
| Flexibility of Closure | ability | 3.12 |
| Perceptual Speed | ability | 3.12 |
| Manual Dexterity | ability | 3.12 |
| Monitoring | essential_skill | 3 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Systems Analysis | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Time Management | transferable_skill | 3 |

## Skills

| Name | Type |
| --- | --- |
| Mathematics | Common Skill |
| English Language | Common Skill |
| Critical Thinking | Common Skill |
| Equipment Maintenance | Specialized Skill |
| Physics | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Word | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Excel | Common Skill |
| Information Ordering | Specialized Skill |
| Reading Comprehension | Common Skill |
| Finger Dexterity | Common Skill |
| Inductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Deductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Complex Problem Solving | Common Skill |
| Active Listening | Common Skill |
| Visualization | Specialized Skill |
| Time Management | Common Skill |
| Systems Analysis | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Windows | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Outlook | Common Skill |
| Telecommunications | Specialized Skill |
| Writing | Common Skill |
| Speech Recognition | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Selection | Specialized Skill |
| Active Learning | Common Skill |
| Instructing | Specialized Skill |
| Social Perceptiveness | Common Skill |
| Depth Perception | Common Skill |
| Psychology | Specialized Skill |
| Chemistry | Specialized Skill |
| Negotiation | Common Skill |
| Learning Strategies | Specialized Skill |
| Geography | Specialized Skill |
| Installation | Specialized Skill |
| Biology | Specialized Skill |
| Foreign Language | Common Skill |
| Industrial Control Software | Specialized Skill |

## Tools

| Example | Category | Hot | In Demand |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Microsoft Excel | Spreadsheet software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Office software | Office suite software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Word | Word processing software | yes | yes |
| Autodesk AutoCAD | Computer aided design CAD software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Outlook | Electronic mail software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Windows | Operating system software | yes | no |
| Fluke Corporation FlukeView Forms | Analytical or scientific software | no | no |
| Megger PowerDB | Compliance software | no | no |
| OMICRON Test Universe | Analytical or scientific software | no | no |
| Supervisory control and data acquisition SCADA software | Industrial control software | no | no |
| Web browser software | Internet browser software | no | no |

## Work Context

| Name | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets | 4.98 |
| Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams | 4.89 |
| Importance of Being Exact or Accurate | 4.74 |
| Contact With Others | 4.73 |
| Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team | 4.61 |
| Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable | 4.61 |
| Consequence of Error | 4.55 |
| Health and Safety of Other Workers | 4.52 |
| Physical Proximity | 4.52 |
| Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities | 4.44 |
| Telephone Conversations | 4.43 |
| E-Mail | 4.43 |
| Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results | 4.41 |
| Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions | 4.32 |
| Exposed to Hazardous Conditions | 4.25 |
| Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures | 4.21 |
| Importance of Repeating Same Tasks | 4.19 |
| Time Pressure | 4.17 |
| Frequency of Decision Making | 4.16 |
| Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls | 4.12 |
| Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled | 4.11 |
| Exposed to Contaminants | 4.01 |
| Exposed to Hazardous Equipment | 3.94 |
| Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions | 3.91 |
| Indoors, Environmentally Controlled | 3.87 |
| Spend Time Standing | 3.71 |
| Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers | 3.69 |
| Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals | 3.68 |
| Exposed to High Places | 3.6 |
| Outdoors, Under Cover | 3.54 |
| Freedom to Make Decisions | 3.51 |
| In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment | 3.5 |
| Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection | 3.47 |
| Level of Competition | 3.43 |
| Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions | 3.32 |
| Written Letters and Memos | 3.28 |
| Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings | 3.27 |
| Spend Time Walking or Running | 3.2 |
| Conflict Situations | 2.84 |
| Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions | 2.83 |

## Preparation

- **Job Zone:** 3
- **Job Zone Name:** Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed
- **Education:** Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.
- **Experience:** Previous work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is required for these occupations. For example, an electrician must have completed three or four years of apprenticeship or several years of vocational training, and often must have passed a licensing exam, in order to perform the job.
- **Svp Range:** (6.0 to < 7.0)

### Education Distribution

| Label | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Post-Secondary Certificate | 50.33 |
| Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree) | 27.91 |
| Some College Courses | 11.19 |
| High School Diploma | 8.18 |
| Bachelor's Degree | 2.39 |

## Person Fit

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Realistic | career_interest_type | 7 |
| Mechanics/Electronics | specific_interest_area | 6.69 |
| Engineering | specific_interest_area | 6.16 |
| Conventional | career_interest_type | 5.27 |
| Physical/Manual Labor | specific_interest_area | 3.68 |
| Investigative | career_interest_type | 3.52 |
| Dependability | work_style | 3 |
| Attention to Detail | work_style | 2.7 |
| Cautiousness | work_style | 2.62 |
| Mathematics/Statistics | specific_interest_area | 2.31 |
| Information Technology | specific_interest_area | 2.17 |
| Physical Science | specific_interest_area | 2.1 |
| Integrity | work_style | 1.89 |
| Intellectual Curiosity | work_style | 1.86 |
| Stress Tolerance | work_style | 1.64 |
| Perseverance | work_style | 1.61 |

## Related Roles

| Soc Code | Slug | Title | Tier |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 49-2094.00 | role-49-2094-00 | Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment | Primary-Short |
| 49-9012.00 | role-49-9012-00 | Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door | Primary-Short |
| 49-2093.00 | role-49-2093-00 | Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment | Primary-Short |
| 17-3023.00 | role-17-3023-00 | Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians | Primary-Short |
| 49-2092.00 | role-49-2092-00 | Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers | Primary-Short |
| 51-8012.00 | role-51-8012-00 | Power Distributors and Dispatchers | Primary-Long |
| 17-3028.00 | role-17-3028-00 | Calibration Technologists and Technicians | Primary-Long |
| 51-8021.00 | role-51-8021-00 | Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators | Primary-Long |
| 47-2111.00 | role-47-2111-00 | Electricians | Primary-Long |
| 51-8013.04 | role-51-8013-04 | Hydroelectric Plant Technicians | Primary-Long |
| 17-2071.00 | role-17-2071-00 | Electrical Engineers | Supplemental |
| 17-2072.00 | role-17-2072-00 | Electronics Engineers, Except Computer | Supplemental |

## Career Clusters

| Cluster | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Advanced Manufacturing | advanced-manufacturing |
| Energy & Natural Resources | energy-natural-resources |

## Education Level

- **Category:** Postsecondary nondegree award

## Study Programs

| Title | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Construction Trades | construction-trades |
| Engineering/Engineering-Related Technologies/Technicians | engineering-engineering-related-technologies-technicians |
| Mechanic and Repair Technologies/Technicians | mechanic-and-repair-technologies-technicians |

## Market

- **Median Wage:** 100940
- **Mean Wage:** 97460
- **Pct10Wage:** 60820
- **Pct25Wage:** 79930
- **Pct75Wage:** 114740
- **Pct90Wage:** 127970
- **Employment:** 23040
- **Area Title:** U.S.

## Industries


### Top

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Median Wage | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22 | 22 | Utilities | Sector | 15140 | 104080 | 174.86 |
| 221112 | 221112 | Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation | National industry | 3330 | 103020 | 312.59 |
| 221113 | 221113 | Nuclear Electric Power Generation | National industry | 1720 | 105490 | 309.92 |
| 23 | 23 | Construction | Sector | 1530 | 76590 | 1.26 |
| 237130 | 237130 | Power and Communication Line and Related Structures Construction | National industry | 1220 | 76590 | 34.87 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 620 | 78350 | 1.48 |
| 81 | 81 | Other Services (except Public Administration) | Sector | 620 | 57220 | 0.94 |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 530 | 84220 | 0.33 |
| 42 | 42 | Wholesale Trade | Sector | 340 | 58310 | 0.38 |
| 48-49 | 48-49 | Transportation and Warehousing | Sector | 280 | 104150 | 0.25 |
| 238210 | 238210 | Electrical Contractors and Other Wiring Installation Contractors | National industry | 270 | 79110 | 1.69 |
| 541330 | 541330 | Engineering Services | National industry | 270 | 101770 | 1.56 |

### Concentrated

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 221112 | 221112 | Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation | National industry | 3330 | 312.59 |
| 221113 | 221113 | Nuclear Electric Power Generation | National industry | 1720 | 309.92 |
| 221111 | 221111 | Hydroelectric Power Generation | National industry | 180 | 176.11 |
| 22 | 22 | Utilities | Sector | 15140 | 174.86 |
| 237130 | 237130 | Power and Communication Line and Related Structures Construction | National industry | 1220 | 34.87 |
| 541380 | 541380 | Testing Laboratories and Services | National industry | 260 | 10.21 |
| 238210 | 238210 | Electrical Contractors and Other Wiring Installation Contractors | National industry | 270 | 1.69 |
| 541330 | 541330 | Engineering Services | National industry | 270 | 1.56 |
- **Count:** 19

## Ai Signals

| Source | Label | Score | Scale | Release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frey_osborne | Computerization probability | 0.38 | 0-1 probability | 2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot |
| felten_aioe | AI occupational exposure | -0.5522636 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_image_generation_aioe | Image generation occupational exposure | -0.0598297 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_language_modeling_aioe | Language modeling occupational exposure | -0.6720283 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |

## Ai Outlook


### Index

- **Value:** 44
- **Percentile:** 42
- **Band:** Moderate
- **Version:** ai-exposure-index-v1

#### Components

| Percentile | Source |
| --- | --- |
| 33 | felten_aioe |
| 40 | openai_gpts_are_gpts |
| 58 | microsoft_working_with_ai |
- **Component Count:** 3

### Exposure

| Source | Label | Value | Percentile | Band | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| felten_aioe | Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) | -0.5522636 | 33 | Low | How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss. |
| eloundou_gamma | LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) | 0.44 | 40 | Moderate | Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank. |
| microsoft_applicability | AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) | 0.1685790361708563 | 58 | Moderate | How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement. |

### Frey Historical

- **Source:** frey
- **Label:** Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)
- **Value:** 0.38
- **Percentile:** 43
- **Band:** Moderate
- **Note:** A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
- **Teleworkable:** no

### Eloundou

- **Alpha:** 0.24
- **Beta:** 0.34
- **Gamma:** 0.44

### Usage Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Importance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Construct, test, maintain, and repair substation relay and control systems. | 0.00729225295695722 | 4.11 |
| Consult manuals, schematics, wiring diagrams, and engineering personnel to troubleshoot and solve equipment problems and to determine optimum equipment functioning. | 0.002773110279406267 | 4.39 |
- **Usage Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

### Bls

- **Growth Percent:** 5.5
- **Growth Percentile:** 77
- **Direction:** About average
- **Annual Openings Thousands:** 2
- **Annual Openings Percentile:** 27
- **Employment2024Thousands:** 23.4
- **Employment2034Thousands:** 24.7

### Sources

| Source | Version |
| --- | --- |
| bls_employment_projections | 2024-2034 |
| dingel_neiman | dingel-neiman-workathome |
| felten_aioe | felten-raj-seamans-aioe |
| frey_osborne | frey-osborne-automation |
| microsoft_working_with_ai | working-with-ai |
| openai_gpts_are_gpts | gpts-are-gpts |

## Counts

- **Tasks:** 15
- **Skills:** 36
- **Capabilities:** 120
- **Tools:** 11
- **Related Roles:** 20

## Source

- **Dataset:** gold.onet_role_starter_surface
- **Version:** 30.3
- **Generated At:** 2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00
- **Content Hash:** 52ac8367afc5886d