entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-47-2072-00"
socCode = "47-2072.00"
title = "Pile Driver Operators"
summary = "Operate pile drivers mounted on skids, barges, crawler treads, or locomotive cranes to drive pilings for retaining walls, bulkheads, and foundations of structures such as buildings, bridges, and piers."
aliases = ["Pile Driver", "Pile Driver Operator", "Pile Driving Operator", "Diesel Pile Hammer Operator", "Driving Inspector", "Driving Operator", "Hoisting Pile Driving Engineer", "Hydraulic Pile Hammer Operator", "Hydraulic Press-In Operator", "Nozzle Operator", "Pile Driver Engineer", "Pile Driving Inspector"]
emergingTasks = []

[preparation]
jobZone = "2"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone 1-2: Very Little to Some Preparation Needed"
education = "Usually requires a high school diploma or GED, though some occupations may not."
experience = "Some occupations may need little or no previous experience; others require several months to a year of experience. For example, landscaping and groundskeeping workers might require very little training or previous experience, while agricultural equipment operators can benefit from on-the job training."
svpRange = "(Below 6.0)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "High School Diploma"
percentage = 52.59

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Post-Secondary Certificate"
percentage = 20.95

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Less than a High School Diploma"
percentage = 18.59

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Some College Courses"
percentage = 7.88

[educationLevel]
category = "High school diploma or equivalent"
slug = "high-school-diploma-or-equivalent"

[market]
medianWage = 70510
meanWage = 79000
pct10Wage = 46690
pct25Wage = 54750
pct75Wage = 103960
pct90Wage = 121990
employment = 3040
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 3

[[industries.top]]
naics = "23"
slug = "23"
title = "Construction"
level = "Sector"
employment = 2890
medianWage = 71760
lq = 18.05

[[industries.top]]
naics = "238110"
slug = "238110"
title = "Poured Concrete Foundation and Structure Contractors"
level = "National industry"
employment = 280
medianWage = 105100
lq = 54.89

[[industries.top]]
naics = "237130"
slug = "237130"
title = "Power and Communication Line and Related Structures Construction"
level = "National industry"
employment = 50
medianWage = 56310

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "238110"
slug = "238110"
title = "Poured Concrete Foundation and Structure Contractors"
level = "National industry"
employment = 280
lq = 54.89

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "23"
slug = "23"
title = "Construction"
level = "Sector"
employment = 2890
lq = 18.05

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = false
usageTasks = []

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 4
percentile = 1
band = "Low"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 10
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 3
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 0
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.82
percentile = 66
band = "Moderate"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0
beta = 0
gamma = 0

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 4.3
growthPercentile = 67
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 0.3
annualOpeningsPercentile = 4
employment2024Thousands = 3.2
employment2034Thousands = 3.3

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = -1.220009
percentile = 10
band = "Low"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0
percentile = 3
band = "Low"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0
percentile = 0
band = "Low"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[counts]
tasks = 5
skills = 33
capabilities = 120
tools = 6
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "7590f03f84699486"

[[tasks]]
text = "Move hand and foot levers of hoisting equipment to position piling leads, hoist piling into leads, and position hammers over pilings."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.h"

[[tasks]]
text = "Move levers and turn valves to activate power hammers, or to raise and lower drophammers that drive piles to required depths."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Drive pilings to provide support for buildings or other structures, using heavy equipment with a pile driver head."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ao"

[[tasks]]
text = "Conduct pre-operational checks on equipment to ensure proper functioning."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.g"

[[tasks]]
text = "Clean, lubricate, and refill equipment."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Operate cranes, hoists, or other moving or lifting equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.h"

[[activities]]
name = "Inspect equipment or tools to be used in construction or excavation."
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.g"

[[activities]]
name = "Position structural components."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ao"

[[activities]]
name = "Operate heavy-duty construction or installation equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Clean equipment or facilities."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Maintain construction tools or equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.5.a"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Operation and Control"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Building and Construction"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Control Precision"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Operations Monitoring"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Multilimb Coordination"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Depth Perception"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reaction Time"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mechanical"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.65

[[capabilities]]
name = "Manual Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.59

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Rate Control"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Transportation"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.47

[[capabilities]]
name = "Engineering and Technology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.41

[[capabilities]]
name = "Public Safety and Security"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Response Orientation"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Monitoring"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Selective Attention"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Arm-Hand Steadiness"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Design"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.15

[[capabilities]]
name = "Troubleshooting"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Visualization"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Far Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Listening"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Coordination"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Spatial Orientation"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Auditory Attention"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Production and Processing"
family = "knowledge"
value = 2.95

[[capabilities]]
name = "Administration and Management"
family = "knowledge"
value = 2.93

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 2.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Quality Control Analysis"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 2.88

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Excel"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Geography"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Psychology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Email Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Installation"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Excel"
category = "Spreadsheet software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Email software"
category = "Electronic mail software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Global positioning system GPS software"
category = "Mobile location based services software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "GRL Engineers Wave Equation Analysis Program GRLWEAP"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Pile Dynamics Case Pile Wave Analysis Program CAPWAP"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Pile Dynamics Pile Driving Analyzer PDA"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions"
value = 4.98

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets"
value = 4.98

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable"
value = 4.78

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 4.65

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 4.6

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 4.6

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 4.55

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Contaminants"
value = 4.54

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 4.52

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Equipment"
value = 4.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 4.27

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 4.18

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 4.18

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 4.15

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 4.15

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 4.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures"
value = 4.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 4.03

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 3.93

[[workContext]]
name = "In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment"
value = 3.8

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 3.73

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Whole Body Vibration"
value = 3.71

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 3.63

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 3.51

[[workContext]]
name = "Telephone Conversations"
value = 3.48

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings"
value = 3.46

[[workContext]]
name = "Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment"
value = 3.34

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions"
value = 3.32

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 3.31

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body"
value = 3.21

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 3.21

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions"
value = 3.2

[[workContext]]
name = "In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment"
value = 3.15

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Sitting"
value = 3.1

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 3.07

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to High Places"
value = 3

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection"
value = 2.98

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 2.96

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 2.9

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling"
value = 2.72

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 7

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical/Manual Labor"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.06

[[personFit]]
name = "Transportation/Machine Operation"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 5.78

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.61

[[personFit]]
name = "Construction/Woodwork"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.78

[[personFit]]
name = "Engineering"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.74

[[personFit]]
name = "Mechanics/Electronics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.55

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.33

[[personFit]]
name = "Cautiousness"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.14

[[personFit]]
name = "Investigative"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 1.94

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 1.55

[[personFit]]
name = "Stress Tolerance"
family = "work_style"
value = 1.46

[[personFit]]
name = "Mathematics/Statistics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 1.45

[[personFit]]
name = "Nature/Outdoors"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 1.41

[[personFit]]
name = "Perseverance"
family = "work_style"
value = 1.2

[[personFit]]
name = "Enterprising"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 1.15

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-2073.00"
slug = "role-47-2073-00"
title = "Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "53-7051.00"
slug = "role-53-7051-00"
title = "Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-5022.00"
slug = "role-47-5022-00"
title = "Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface Mining"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "53-7041.00"
slug = "role-53-7041-00"
title = "Hoist and Winch Operators"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-2071.00"
slug = "role-47-2071-00"
title = "Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "49-3042.00"
slug = "role-49-3042-00"
title = "Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-5044.00"
slug = "role-47-5044-00"
title = "Loading and Moving Machine Operators, Underground Mining"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "49-9096.00"
slug = "role-49-9096-00"
title = "Riggers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-2061.00"
slug = "role-47-2061-00"
title = "Construction Laborers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-4061.00"
slug = "role-47-4061-00"
title = "Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "53-7021.00"
slug = "role-53-7021-00"
title = "Crane and Tower Operators"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "47-5023.00"
slug = "role-47-5023-00"
title = "Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Construction"
slug = "construction"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Transportation and Materials Moving"
slug = "transportation-and-materials-moving"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.82
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = -1.220009
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = -0.4557943
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = -1.454892
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
