# Proofreaders and Copy Markers

> Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of braille.
- **Entity Type:** role
- **Schema Version:** role.v1
- **Soc Code:** 43-9081.00
- **Summary:** Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of braille.

## Aliases

- Copy Editor
- News Copy Editor
- Proofreader
- Typesetter
- Copyholder
- Editorial Assistant
- Proofer
- Braille Proofreader
- Checker
- Clerical Proofreader
- Content Analyst
- Content Coordinator

## Tasks

| Text | Type | Iwa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks. | Core | 4.A.2.a.3.a |
| Read corrected copies or proofs to ensure that all corrections have been made. | Core | 4.A.2.a.3.a |
| Correct or record omissions, errors, or inconsistencies found. | Core | 4.A.2.a.3.a |
| Compare information or figures on one record against same data on other records, or with original copy, to detect errors. | Core | 4.A.2.a.2.a |
| Route proofs with marked corrections to authors, editors, typists, or typesetters for correction or reprinting. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.j |
| Consult reference books or secure aid of readers to check references with rules of grammar and composition. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.d |
| Typeset and measure dimensions, spacing, and positioning of page elements, such as copy and illustrations, to verify conformance to specifications, using printer's ruler or layout software. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.a.3.a |
| Consult with authors and editors regarding manuscript changes and suggestions. | Core | 4.A.4.a.2.h |
| Archive documents, conduct research, and read copy, using the internet and various computer programs. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.d |
| Write original content, such as headlines, cutlines, captions, and cover copy. | Core | 4.A.4.a.3.b |
| Read proof sheets aloud, calling out punctuation marks and spelling unusual words and proper names. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.a.3.a |

## Emerging Tasks

| Text |
| --- |
| Check the facts of stories using the internet. |
| Design page layouts using text, photographs, graphics, and other elements. |

## Activities

| Name | Iwa |
| --- | --- |
| Collaborate with others to determine production details. | 4.A.4.a.2.h |
| Search information sources to find specific data. | 4.A.1.a.1.d |
| File documents or records. | 4.A.4.c.1.a |
| Report news to the public. | 4.A.4.a.3.b |
| Proofread documents, records, or other files to ensure accuracy. | 4.A.2.a.3.a |
| Verify accuracy of financial or transactional data. | 4.A.2.a.2.a |
| Search files, databases or reference materials to obtain needed information. | 4.A.1.a.1.d |
| Coordinate operational activities. | 4.A.4.b.4.j |

## Capabilities

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| English Language | knowledge | 4.95 |
| Written Comprehension | ability | 4.38 |
| Reading Comprehension | essential_skill | 4.25 |
| Near Vision | ability | 3.88 |
| Oral Comprehension | ability | 3.75 |
| Writing | essential_skill | 3.62 |
| Written Expression | ability | 3.62 |
| Oral Expression | ability | 3.5 |
| Communications and Media | knowledge | 3.36 |
| Speaking | essential_skill | 3.25 |
| Problem Sensitivity | ability | 3.25 |
| Active Listening | essential_skill | 3.12 |
| Deductive Reasoning | ability | 3.12 |
| Perceptual Speed | ability | 3.12 |
| Computers and Electronics | knowledge | 3.03 |
| Critical Thinking | essential_skill | 3 |
| Information Ordering | ability | 3 |
| Speech Recognition | ability | 3 |
| Speech Clarity | ability | 3 |
| Monitoring | essential_skill | 2.88 |
| Selective Attention | ability | 2.88 |
| Time Management | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Inductive Reasoning | ability | 2.75 |
| Administrative | knowledge | 2.56 |
| Active Learning | essential_skill | 2.5 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | transferable_skill | 2.5 |
| Category Flexibility | ability | 2.5 |
| Flexibility of Closure | ability | 2.5 |
| Administration and Management | knowledge | 2.41 |
| Complex Problem Solving | transferable_skill | 2.38 |
| Quality Control Analysis | transferable_skill | 2.38 |
| Social Perceptiveness | transferable_skill | 2.25 |
| Coordination | transferable_skill | 2.25 |
| Customer and Personal Service | knowledge | 2.21 |
| Design | knowledge | 2.17 |
| Speed of Closure | ability | 2.12 |
| Visualization | ability | 2.12 |
| Mathematics | knowledge | 2.05 |
| Learning Strategies | essential_skill | 2 |
| Systems Analysis | transferable_skill | 2 |

## Skills

| Name | Type |
| --- | --- |
| English Language | Common Skill |
| Reading Comprehension | Common Skill |
| Writing | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Word | Common Skill |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Outlook | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Excel | Common Skill |
| Adobe Photoshop | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe InDesign | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Illustrator | Specialized Skill |
| Deductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Active Listening | Common Skill |
| WordPress | Specialized Skill |
| Speech Recognition | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Visio | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Access | Specialized Skill |
| Information Ordering | Specialized Skill |
| Critical Thinking | Common Skill |
| Adobe After Effects | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Acrobat | Specialized Skill |
| Time Management | Common Skill |
| Inductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Active Learning | Common Skill |
| Complex Problem Solving | Common Skill |
| Social Perceptiveness | Common Skill |
| Visualization | Specialized Skill |
| Mathematics | Common Skill |
| Systems Analysis | Specialized Skill |
| Learning Strategies | Specialized Skill |
| Finger Dexterity | Common Skill |
| Bugzilla | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe InCopy | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe FrameMaker | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Dreamweaver | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Captivate | Specialized Skill |
| Geography | Specialized Skill |
| Psychology | Specialized Skill |
| Negotiation | Common Skill |
| Instructing | Specialized Skill |
| Foreign Language | Common Skill |

## Tools

| Example | Category | Hot | In Demand |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adobe Creative Cloud software | Graphics or photo imaging software | yes | yes |
| Adobe Illustrator | Graphics or photo imaging software | yes | yes |
| Adobe InDesign | Desktop publishing software | yes | yes |
| Adobe Photoshop | Graphics or photo imaging software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Excel | Spreadsheet software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Office software | Office suite software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Outlook | Electronic mail software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Presentation software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Word | Word processing software | yes | yes |
| Adobe Acrobat | Document management software | yes | no |
| Adobe After Effects | Video creation and editing software | yes | no |
| HubSpot software | Sales and marketing software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Access | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Visio | Process mapping and design software | yes | no |
| WordPress | Web page creation and editing software | yes | no |
| Adobe Captivate | Computer based training software | no | no |
| Adobe Dreamweaver | Web page creation and editing software | no | no |
| Adobe FrameMaker | Desktop publishing software | no | no |
| Adobe InCopy | Word processing software | no | no |
| After the Deadline | Word processing software | no | no |
| Apple Final Cut Pro | Video creation and editing software | no | no |
| Apple iWork Keynote | Presentation software | no | no |
| AutoCrit Editing Wizard | Word processing software | no | no |
| Avid Technology Media Composer | Video creation and editing software | no | no |
| Bugzilla | Program testing software | no | no |
| Elite Minds RightWriter | Word processing software | no | no |
| File transfer protocol FTP client software | Internet protocol IP multimedia subsystem software | no | no |
| FileMaker Pro | Data base user interface and query software | no | no |
| Grammarly Editor | Word processing software | no | no |
| HP Autonomy TeamSite | Web page creation and editing software | no | no |
| InScribe | Computer based training software | no | no |
| Intelligent Editing PerfectIt | Word processing software | no | no |
| myWriterTools | Word processing software | no | no |
| Pro Writing Aid | Word processing software | no | no |
| QuarkXPress | Desktop publishing software | no | no |
| Serenity Software Editor | Word processing software | no | no |
| Style guide databases | Data base user interface and query software | no | no |
| WhiteSmoke | Word processing software | no | no |

## Work Context

| Name | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Importance of Being Exact or Accurate | 4.89 |
| Spend Time Sitting | 4.85 |
| Indoors, Environmentally Controlled | 4.74 |
| Contact With Others | 4.73 |
| E-Mail | 4.7 |
| Time Pressure | 4.7 |
| Importance of Repeating Same Tasks | 4.67 |
| Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team | 4.53 |
| Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions | 4.48 |
| Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams | 4.24 |
| Freedom to Make Decisions | 3.99 |
| Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable | 3.78 |
| Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls | 3.74 |
| Telephone Conversations | 3.65 |
| Frequency of Decision Making | 3.59 |
| Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals | 3.22 |
| Physical Proximity | 3.12 |
| Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities | 3.04 |
| Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results | 2.66 |
| Deal With External Customers or the Public in General | 2.6 |
| Degree of Automation | 2.41 |
| Conflict Situations | 2.39 |
| Written Letters and Memos | 2.38 |
| Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers | 2.37 |
| Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People | 2.22 |
| Consequence of Error | 2.19 |
| Level of Competition | 1.97 |
| Exposed to Contaminants | 1.81 |
| Spend Time Walking or Running | 1.47 |
| Spend Time Standing | 1.46 |
| Public Speaking | 1.31 |
| In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment | 1.29 |
| Health and Safety of Other Workers | 1.28 |
| Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures | 1.25 |
| Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions | 1.25 |
| Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions | 1.21 |
| Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body | 1.17 |
| Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled | 1.13 |
| Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions | 1.12 |
| Outdoors, Under Cover | 1.08 |

## Preparation

- **Job Zone:** 4
- **Job Zone Name:** Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed
- **Education:** Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.
- **Experience:** A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.
- **Svp Range:** (7.0 to < 8.0)

### Education Distribution

| Label | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Bachelor's Degree | 47.3 |
| Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree) | 23.2 |
| Some College Courses | 12.04 |
| Post-Secondary Certificate | 6.24 |

## Person Fit

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Conventional | career_interest_type | 6.16 |
| Office Work | specific_interest_area | 5.52 |
| Artistic | career_interest_type | 3.56 |
| Attention to Detail | work_style | 3 |
| Dependability | work_style | 3 |
| Creative Writing | specific_interest_area | 2.51 |
| Investigative | career_interest_type | 2.5 |
| Humanities | specific_interest_area | 2.34 |
| Cautiousness | work_style | 2.25 |
| Social | career_interest_type | 2.2 |
| Media | specific_interest_area | 2 |
| Marketing/Advertising | specific_interest_area | 1.84 |
| Information Technology | specific_interest_area | 1.68 |
| Applied Arts and Design | specific_interest_area | 1.61 |
| Enterprising | career_interest_type | 1.53 |
| Visual Arts | specific_interest_area | 1.45 |

## Related Roles

| Soc Code | Slug | Title | Tier |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27-3041.00 | role-27-3041-00 | Editors | Primary-Short |
| 43-9031.00 | role-43-9031-00 | Desktop Publishers | Primary-Short |
| 27-3042.00 | role-27-3042-00 | Technical Writers | Primary-Short |
| 43-9022.00 | role-43-9022-00 | Word Processors and Typists | Primary-Short |
| 43-4071.00 | role-43-4071-00 | File Clerks | Primary-Short |
| 27-3043.00 | role-27-3043-00 | Writers and Authors | Primary-Long |
| 43-9021.00 | role-43-9021-00 | Data Entry Keyers | Primary-Long |
| 15-1299.03 | role-15-1299-03 | Document Management Specialists | Primary-Long |
| 27-4032.00 | role-27-4032-00 | Film and Video Editors | Primary-Long |
| 25-4031.00 | role-25-4031-00 | Library Technicians | Primary-Long |
| 27-3043.05 | role-27-3043-05 | Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | Supplemental |
| 27-3023.00 | role-27-3023-00 | News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists | Supplemental |

## Career Clusters

| Cluster | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Arts, Entertainment, & Design | arts-entertainment-design |

## Education Level

- **Category:** Bachelor's degree

## Study Programs

| Title | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services | business-management-marketing-and-related-support-services |
| Communication, Journalism, and Related Programs | communication-journalism-and-related-programs |
| English Language and Literature/Letters | english-language-and-literature-letters |

## Market

- **Median Wage:** 49210
- **Mean Wage:** 52730
- **Pct10Wage:** 33530
- **Pct25Wage:** 38590
- **Pct75Wage:** 62380
- **Pct90Wage:** 78040
- **Employment:** 5160
- **Area Title:** U.S.

## Industries


### Top

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Median Wage | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 51 | 51 | Information | Sector | 1520 | 43630 | 15.62 |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 1040 | 59420 | 2.89 |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 860 | 45740 | 2.85 |
| 513110 | 513110 | Newspaper Publishers | National industry | 420 | 33970 | 138.48 |
| 61 | 61 | Educational Services | Sector | 270 | 53160 | 0.59 |
| 31-33 | 31-33 | Manufacturing | Sector | 220 | 37330 | 0.52 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 140 | 59100 | 1.49 |
| 42 | 42 | Wholesale Trade | Sector | 120 | 39830 | 0.59 |
| 62 | 62 | Health Care and Social Assistance | Sector | 120 | 45690 | 0.16 |
| 44-45 | 44-45 | Retail Trade | Sector | 70 | 48510 |  |
| 52 | 52 | Finance and Insurance | Sector | 70 | 58480 |  |
| 561320 | 561320 | Temporary Help Services | National industry |  | 44710 |  |

### Concentrated

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 513110 | 513110 | Newspaper Publishers | National industry | 420 | 138.48 |
| 51 | 51 | Information | Sector | 1520 | 15.62 |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 1040 | 2.89 |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 860 | 2.85 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 140 | 1.49 |
| 42 | 42 | Wholesale Trade | Sector | 120 | 0.59 |
| 61 | 61 | Educational Services | Sector | 270 | 0.59 |
| 31-33 | 31-33 | Manufacturing | Sector | 220 | 0.52 |
- **Count:** 13

## Ai Signals

| Source | Label | Score | Scale | Release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frey_osborne | Computerization probability | 0.84 | 0-1 probability | 2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot |
| felten_aioe | AI occupational exposure | 1.288375 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_image_generation_aioe | Image generation occupational exposure | 0.6419724 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_language_modeling_aioe | Language modeling occupational exposure | 1.436193 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |

## Ai Outlook


### Index

- **Value:** 93
- **Percentile:** 98
- **Band:** High
- **Version:** ai-exposure-index-v1

#### Components

| Percentile | Source |
| --- | --- |
| 86 | felten_aioe |
| 95 | openai_gpts_are_gpts |
| 98 | microsoft_working_with_ai |
- **Component Count:** 3

### Exposure

| Source | Label | Value | Percentile | Band | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| felten_aioe | Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) | 1.288375 | 86 | High | How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss. |
| eloundou_gamma | LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) | 1 | 95 | High | Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank. |
| microsoft_applicability | AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) | 0.3690176328235297 | 98 | High | How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement. |

### Frey Historical

- **Source:** frey
- **Label:** Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)
- **Value:** 0.84
- **Percentile:** 69
- **Band:** High
- **Note:** A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
- **Teleworkable:** yes

### Eloundou

- **Alpha:** 0.9500000000000001
- **Beta:** 0.9750000000000001
- **Gamma:** 1

### Usage Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Importance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks. | 0.02865547288719809 | 4.71 |
| Consult reference books or secure aid of readers to check references with rules of grammar and composition. | 0.002875818067532425 | 4.31 |
| Read proof sheets aloud, calling out punctuation marks and spelling unusual words and proper names. | 0.0019514479743970028 | 3.33 |
- **Usage Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

### Bls

- **Growth Percent:** -0.6
- **Growth Percentile:** 24
- **Direction:** Declining
- **Annual Openings Thousands:** 1.9
- **Annual Openings Percentile:** 26
- **Employment2024Thousands:** 12
- **Employment2034Thousands:** 11.9

### Sources

| Source | Version |
| --- | --- |
| bls_employment_projections | 2024-2034 |
| dingel_neiman | dingel-neiman-workathome |
| felten_aioe | felten-raj-seamans-aioe |
| frey_osborne | frey-osborne-automation |
| microsoft_working_with_ai | working-with-ai |
| openai_gpts_are_gpts | gpts-are-gpts |

## Ai Playbook

- **Trusted Task Count:** 1
- **Task Count:** 1
- **Total Sample:** 448
- **Autonomy Median:** 3
- **Dominant Collaboration:** task iteration
- **Automation Share:** 26.34
- **Augmentation Share:** 70.98
- **Work Use Percent:** 40.62

### Collaboration

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| task iteration | 50 |
| directive | 26.34 |
| validation | 20.98 |

### Use Case

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| personal | 57.37 |
| work | 40.62 |

### Delegated Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Collaboration | Autonomy Median | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks. | 0.04480560070008751 | task iteration | 3 | 448 |

### Boundary Tasks

| Task | Human Needed Percent | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks. | 96.65178571428571 | 448 |

### Seed Prompts

| Prompt | Collaboration |
| --- | --- |
| Let's work through this together, step by step: mark copy to indicate and correct errors in type, arrangement, grammar, punctuation, or spelling, using standard printers' marks. I'll give feedback as we go. | task iteration |
- **Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

## Counts

- **Tasks:** 11
- **Skills:** 49
- **Capabilities:** 120
- **Tools:** 38
- **Related Roles:** 20

## Source

- **Dataset:** gold.onet_role_starter_surface
- **Version:** 30.3
- **Generated At:** 2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00
- **Content Hash:** cccd195719e4a1b8