# Office Machine Operators, Except Computer

> Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines.
- **Entity Type:** role
- **Schema Version:** role.v1
- **Soc Code:** 43-9071.00
- **Summary:** Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines.

## Aliases

- Copy Center Operator
- Copy Machine Operator
- Key Operator
- Machine Operator
- Copy Technician
- Graphics Production Specialist
- Printing Services Coordinator
- Reprographics Technician
- Braille Coder
- Braille Duplicating Machine Operator
- Business Machine Operator
- Check Embosser

## Tasks

| Text | Type | Iwa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Read job orders to determine the type of work to be done, the quantities to be produced, and the materials needed. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.b |
| Place original copies in feed trays, feed originals into feed rolls, or position originals on tables beneath camera lenses. | Core | 4.A.3.a.3.a |
| Deliver completed work. | Core | 4.A.3.a.1.j |
| Sort, assemble, and proof completed work. | Core | 4.A.2.a.2.b |
| Operate office machines such as high speed business photocopiers, readers, scanners, addressing machines, stencil-cutting machines, microfilm readers or printers, folding and inserting machines, bursters, and binder machines. | Core | 4.A.3.a.3.a |
| Compute prices for services and receive payment, or provide supervisors with billing information. | Core | 4.A.2.b.1.a |
| Complete records of production, including work volumes and outputs, materials used, and any backlogs. | Core | 4.A.3.b.6.h |
| Set up and adjust machines, regulating factors such as speed, ink flow, focus, and number of copies. | Core | 4.A.3.a.2.i |
| Monitor machine operation, and make adjustments as necessary to ensure proper operation. | Core | 4.A.1.a.2.a |
| Load machines with materials such as blank paper or film. | Core | 4.A.3.a.3.a |
| Clean machines, perform minor repairs, and report major repair needs. | Core | 4.A.3.a.1.c |
| File and store completed documents. | Core | 4.A.3.a.2.ak |

## Emerging Tasks


## Activities

| Name | Iwa |
| --- | --- |
| Read work orders to determine material or setup requirements. | 4.A.1.a.1.b |
| Operate office equipment. | 4.A.3.a.3.a |
| Calculate costs of goods or services. | 4.A.2.b.1.a |
| Provide information to coworkers. | 4.A.4.a.2.c |
| Collect deposits, payments or fees. | 4.A.4.c.3.d |
| Sort materials or products. | 4.A.2.a.2.b |
| Compile data or documentation. | 4.A.2.a.2.c |
| Adjust office equipment to ensure proper operation. | 4.A.3.a.2.i |
| Monitor equipment operation to ensure proper functioning. | 4.A.1.a.2.a |
| Order materials, supplies, or equipment. | 4.A.4.c.3.e |
| Store records or related materials. | 4.A.3.a.2.ak |
| Clean facilities or equipment. | 4.A.3.a.1.c |
| Maintain office equipment in proper operating condition. | 4.A.3.b.5.a |
| Report maintenance or equipment problems to appropriate personnel. | 4.A.4.a.2.g |
| Record production information. | 4.A.3.b.6.h |
| Deliver items. | 4.A.3.a.1.j |
| Attach identification information to products, items or containers. | 4.A.1.b.1.a |

## Capabilities

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| English Language | knowledge | 3.87 |
| Customer and Personal Service | knowledge | 3.75 |
| Written Comprehension | ability | 3.62 |
| Near Vision | ability | 3.62 |
| Production and Processing | knowledge | 3.42 |
| Operation and Control | transferable_skill | 3.25 |
| Information Ordering | ability | 3.25 |
| Reading Comprehension | essential_skill | 3.12 |
| Operations Monitoring | transferable_skill | 3.12 |
| Oral Comprehension | ability | 3.12 |
| Oral Expression | ability | 3.12 |
| Computers and Electronics | knowledge | 3.03 |
| Active Listening | essential_skill | 3 |
| Speaking | essential_skill | 3 |
| Critical Thinking | essential_skill | 3 |
| Monitoring | essential_skill | 3 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Time Management | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Problem Sensitivity | ability | 3 |
| Selective Attention | ability | 3 |
| Arm-Hand Steadiness | ability | 3 |
| Mathematics | knowledge | 2.92 |
| Writing | essential_skill | 2.88 |
| Social Perceptiveness | transferable_skill | 2.88 |
| Complex Problem Solving | transferable_skill | 2.88 |
| Written Expression | ability | 2.88 |
| Finger Dexterity | ability | 2.88 |
| Control Precision | ability | 2.88 |
| Speech Recognition | ability | 2.88 |
| Speech Clarity | ability | 2.88 |
| Active Learning | essential_skill | 2.75 |
| Coordination | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Service Orientation | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Equipment Maintenance | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Troubleshooting | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Quality Control Analysis | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Deductive Reasoning | ability | 2.75 |
| Inductive Reasoning | ability | 2.75 |
| Category Flexibility | ability | 2.75 |
| Mathematical Reasoning | ability | 2.75 |

## Skills

| Name | Type |
| --- | --- |
| English Language | Common Skill |
| Information Ordering | Specialized Skill |
| Reading Comprehension | Common Skill |
| Time Management | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Word | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Windows | Common Skill |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Outlook | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Excel | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Access | Specialized Skill |
| Critical Thinking | Common Skill |
| Adobe Photoshop | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe InDesign | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Illustrator | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Acrobat | Specialized Skill |
| Active Listening | Common Skill |
| Mathematics | Common Skill |
| Writing | Common Skill |
| Speech Recognition | Specialized Skill |
| Social Perceptiveness | Common Skill |
| Finger Dexterity | Common Skill |
| Complex Problem Solving | Common Skill |
| Visualization | Specialized Skill |
| Inductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Equipment Maintenance | Specialized Skill |
| Deductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Active Learning | Common Skill |
| Systems Analysis | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Selection | Specialized Skill |
| Depth Perception | Common Skill |
| Negotiation | Common Skill |
| Telecommunications | Specialized Skill |
| Instructing | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Publisher | Specialized Skill |
| Learning Strategies | Specialized Skill |
| Psychology | Specialized Skill |
| Physics | Specialized Skill |
| Geography | Specialized Skill |
| Foreign Language | Common Skill |
| Installation | Specialized Skill |

## Tools

| Example | Category | Hot | In Demand |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adobe Acrobat | Document management software | yes | no |
| Adobe Illustrator | Graphics or photo imaging software | yes | no |
| Adobe InDesign | Desktop publishing software | yes | no |
| Adobe Photoshop | Graphics or photo imaging software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Access | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Excel | Spreadsheet software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Office software | Office suite software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Outlook | Electronic mail software | yes | no |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Presentation software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Windows | Operating system software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Word | Word processing software | yes | no |
| Eko | Desktop communications software | no | no |
| Microsoft Publisher | Desktop publishing software | no | no |
| Multi-line optical character reader OCR software | Optical character reader OCR or scanning software | no | no |

## Work Context

| Name | Value |
| --- | --- |
| E-Mail | 4.53 |
| Time Pressure | 4.38 |
| Telephone Conversations | 4.12 |
| Contact With Others | 4.06 |
| Indoors, Environmentally Controlled | 3.93 |
| Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams | 3.82 |
| Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team | 3.78 |
| Importance of Being Exact or Accurate | 3.77 |
| Deal With External Customers or the Public in General | 3.67 |
| Freedom to Make Decisions | 3.61 |
| Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities | 3.32 |
| Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals | 3.29 |
| Spend Time Standing | 3.25 |
| Physical Proximity | 3.22 |
| Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment | 3.21 |
| Importance of Repeating Same Tasks | 3.19 |
| Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable | 3.01 |
| Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls | 2.98 |
| Written Letters and Memos | 2.97 |
| Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers | 2.93 |
| Frequency of Decision Making | 2.85 |
| Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results | 2.77 |
| Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions | 2.68 |
| Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People | 2.66 |
| Spend Time Sitting | 2.56 |
| Exposed to Contaminants | 2.51 |
| Degree of Automation | 2.42 |
| Conflict Situations | 2.25 |
| Spend Time Walking or Running | 2.22 |
| Health and Safety of Other Workers | 2.15 |
| Level of Competition | 2.14 |
| Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body | 1.99 |
| Consequence of Error | 1.95 |
| Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions | 1.73 |
| Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets | 1.69 |
| Exposed to Hazardous Conditions | 1.56 |
| Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings | 1.49 |
| Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling | 1.49 |
| Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled | 1.39 |
| Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance | 1.3 |

## Preparation

- **Job Zone:** 2
- **Job Zone Name:** Job Zone 1-2: Very Little to Some Preparation Needed
- **Education:** Usually requires a high school diploma or GED, though some occupations may not.
- **Experience:** Some occupations may need little or no previous experience; others require several months to a year of experience. For example, landscaping and groundskeeping workers might require very little training or previous experience, while agricultural equipment operators can benefit from on-the job training.
- **Svp Range:** (Below 6.0)

### Education Distribution

| Label | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| High School Diploma | 67.73 |
| Bachelor's Degree | 17.43 |
| Post-Secondary Certificate | 9.03 |
| Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree) | 5.81 |

## Person Fit

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Conventional | career_interest_type | 6.57 |
| Office Work | specific_interest_area | 5.73 |
| Realistic | career_interest_type | 4.55 |
| Mechanics/Electronics | specific_interest_area | 2.97 |
| Attention to Detail | work_style | 2.25 |
| Physical/Manual Labor | specific_interest_area | 2.16 |
| Investigative | career_interest_type | 2.13 |
| Dependability | work_style | 2.08 |
| Enterprising | career_interest_type | 2.06 |
| Social | career_interest_type | 1.68 |
| Information Technology | specific_interest_area | 1.62 |
| Engineering | specific_interest_area | 1.47 |
| Transportation/Machine Operation | specific_interest_area | 1.46 |
| Accounting | specific_interest_area | 1.41 |
| Personal Service | specific_interest_area | 1.33 |
| Human Resources | specific_interest_area | 1.32 |

## Related Roles

| Soc Code | Slug | Title | Tier |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 51-5111.00 | role-51-5111-00 | Prepress Technicians and Workers | Primary-Short |
| 51-5112.00 | role-51-5112-00 | Printing Press Operators | Primary-Short |
| 43-9021.00 | role-43-9021-00 | Data Entry Keyers | Primary-Short |
| 51-9151.00 | role-51-9151-00 | Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators | Primary-Short |
| 51-5113.00 | role-51-5113-00 | Print Binding and Finishing Workers | Primary-Short |
| 49-2011.00 | role-49-2011-00 | Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers | Primary-Long |
| 43-5053.00 | role-43-5053-00 | Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators | Primary-Long |
| 51-9196.00 | role-51-9196-00 | Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | Primary-Long |
| 49-9091.00 | role-49-9091-00 | Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers | Primary-Long |
| 43-9051.00 | role-43-9051-00 | Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service | Primary-Long |
| 51-4035.00 | role-51-4035-00 | Milling and Planing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | Supplemental |
| 43-5061.00 | role-43-5061-00 | Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks | Supplemental |

## Career Clusters

| Cluster | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Management & Entrepreneurship | management-entrepreneurship |

## Education Level

- **Category:** High school diploma or equivalent

## Study Programs


## Market

- **Median Wage:** 39020
- **Mean Wage:** 41620
- **Pct10Wage:** 29850
- **Pct25Wage:** 34420
- **Pct75Wage:** 46680
- **Pct90Wage:** 56340
- **Employment:** 24740
- **Area Title:** U.S.

## Industries


### Top

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Median Wage | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 6550 | 38270 | 4.52 |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 2520 | 41640 | 1.46 |
| 42 | 42 | Wholesale Trade | Sector | 2390 | 38640 | 2.47 |
| 51 | 51 | Information | Sector | 2340 | 32230 | 5.02 |
| 52 | 52 | Finance and Insurance | Sector | 2250 | 39150 | 2.25 |
| 62 | 62 | Health Care and Social Assistance | Sector | 1920 | 38300 | 0.52 |
| 61 | 61 | Educational Services | Sector | 1890 | 43600 | 0.86 |
| 31-33 | 31-33 | Manufacturing | Sector | 1240 | 40560 | 0.61 |
| 561320 | 561320 | Temporary Help Services | National industry | 950 | 41220 | 2.23 |
| 44-45 | 44-45 | Retail Trade | Sector | 790 | 38090 | 0.32 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 690 | 46060 | 1.53 |
| 48-49 | 48-49 | Transportation and Warehousing | Sector | 390 | 37220 | 0.33 |

### Concentrated

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 51 | 51 | Information | Sector | 2340 | 5.02 |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 6550 | 4.52 |
| 42 | 42 | Wholesale Trade | Sector | 2390 | 2.47 |
| 52 | 52 | Finance and Insurance | Sector | 2250 | 2.25 |
| 561320 | 561320 | Temporary Help Services | National industry | 950 | 2.23 |
| 524114 | 524114 | Direct Health and Medical Insurance Carriers | National industry | 120 | 1.67 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 690 | 1.53 |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 2520 | 1.46 |
- **Count:** 22

## Ai Signals

| Source | Label | Score | Scale | Release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frey_osborne | Computerization probability | 0.92 | 0-1 probability | 2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot |
| felten_aioe | AI occupational exposure | -0.5171404 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_image_generation_aioe | Image generation occupational exposure | -0.5532699 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_language_modeling_aioe | Language modeling occupational exposure | -0.5773576 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |

## Ai Outlook


### Index

- **Value:** 44
- **Percentile:** 42
- **Band:** Moderate
- **Version:** ai-exposure-index-v1

#### Components

| Percentile | Source |
| --- | --- |
| 34 | felten_aioe |
| 44 | openai_gpts_are_gpts |
| 55 | microsoft_working_with_ai |
- **Component Count:** 3

### Exposure

| Source | Label | Value | Percentile | Band | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| felten_aioe | Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) | -0.5171404 | 34 | Moderate | How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss. |
| eloundou_gamma | LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) | 0.5 | 44 | Moderate | Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank. |
| microsoft_applicability | AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) | 0.16170739845031207 | 55 | Moderate | How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement. |

### Frey Historical

- **Source:** frey
- **Label:** Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)
- **Value:** 0.92
- **Percentile:** 82
- **Band:** High
- **Note:** A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
- **Teleworkable:** yes

### Eloundou

- **Alpha:** 0.29411764705882354
- **Beta:** 0.39705882352941174
- **Gamma:** 0.5

### Usage Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Importance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Compute prices for services and receive payment, or provide supervisors with billing information. | 0.036974803725416894 | 4.21 |
| Prepare and process papers for use in scanning, microfilming, and microfiche. | 0.002875818067532425 | 3.84 |
| Operate office machines such as high speed business photocopiers, readers, scanners, addressing machines, stencil-cutting machines, microfilm readers or printers, folding and inserting machines, bursters, and binder machines. | 0.0015406168218923706 | 4.27 |
- **Usage Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

### Bls

- **Growth Percent:** -15.2
- **Growth Percentile:** 2
- **Direction:** Declining
- **Annual Openings Thousands:** 2.8
- **Annual Openings Percentile:** 36
- **Employment2024Thousands:** 25.5
- **Employment2034Thousands:** 21.6

### Sources

| Source | Version |
| --- | --- |
| bls_employment_projections | 2024-2034 |
| dingel_neiman | dingel-neiman-workathome |
| felten_aioe | felten-raj-seamans-aioe |
| frey_osborne | frey-osborne-automation |
| microsoft_working_with_ai | working-with-ai |
| openai_gpts_are_gpts | gpts-are-gpts |

## Ai Playbook

- **Trusted Task Count:** 1
- **Task Count:** 1
- **Total Sample:** 92
- **Autonomy Median:** 3
- **Dominant Collaboration:** directive
- **Automation Share:** 51.09
- **Augmentation Share:** 46.74
- **Work Use Percent:** 47.83

### Collaboration

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| directive | 51.09 |
| learning | 23.91 |
| task iteration | 22.83 |

### Use Case

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| personal | 48.91 |
| work | 47.83 |

### Delegated Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Collaboration | Autonomy Median | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Compute prices for services and receive payment, or provide supervisors with billing information. | 0.009201150143767971 | directive | 3 | 92 |

### Boundary Tasks

| Task | Human Needed Percent | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Compute prices for services and receive payment, or provide supervisors with billing information. | 96.73913043478261 | 92 |

### Seed Prompts

| Prompt | Collaboration |
| --- | --- |
| Do this for me: compute prices for services and receive payment, or provide supervisors with billing information. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust. | directive |
- **Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

## Counts

- **Tasks:** 18
- **Skills:** 42
- **Capabilities:** 119
- **Tools:** 14
- **Related Roles:** 20

## Source

- **Dataset:** gold.onet_role_starter_surface
- **Version:** 30.3
- **Generated At:** 2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00
- **Content Hash:** 560557a81e67b7aa