entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-39-4011-00"
socCode = "39-4011.00"
title = "Embalmers"
summary = "Prepare bodies for interment in conformity with legal requirements."
aliases = ["Embalmer", "Licensed Embalmer", "Trade Embalmer", "Anatomical Embalmer", "Arterial Embalmer", "Funeral Embalmer", "Funeral Services Embalmer", "Restorative Art Embalmer"]
emergingTasks = []

[preparation]
jobZone = "3"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed"
education = "Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree."
experience = "Previous work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is required for these occupations. For example, an electrician must have completed three or four years of apprenticeship or several years of vocational training, and often must have passed a licensing exam, in order to perform the job."
svpRange = "(6.0 to < 7.0)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree)"
percentage = 86.37

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Bachelor's Degree"
percentage = 13.63

[educationLevel]
category = "Associate's degree"
slug = "associate-s-degree"

[market]
medianWage = 56280
meanWage = 57520
pct10Wage = 35160
pct25Wage = 46160
pct75Wage = 64760
pct90Wage = 78740
employment = 3420
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 2

[[industries.top]]
naics = "81"
slug = "81"
title = "Other Services (except Public Administration)"
level = "Sector"
employment = 3340
medianWage = 56230
lq = 34.02

[[industries.top]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 40
medianWage = 58330

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "81"
slug = "81"
title = "Other Services (except Public Administration)"
level = "Sector"
employment = 3340
lq = 34.02

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = false
usageTasks = []

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 12
percentile = 8
band = "Low"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 27
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 6
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 4
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.54
percentile = 48
band = "Moderate"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0.04
beta = 0.04
gamma = 0.04

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 1.3
growthPercentile = 34
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 0.6
annualOpeningsPercentile = 9
employment2024Thousands = 3.6
employment2034Thousands = 3.7

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = -0.7311451
percentile = 27
band = "Low"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.04
percentile = 6
band = "Low"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.02582954354043265
percentile = 4
band = "Low"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[counts]
tasks = 26
skills = 33
capabilities = 120
tools = 10
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "7802ac88ecbdb4cb"

[[tasks]]
text = "Conform to laws of health and sanitation and ensure that legal requirements concerning embalming are met."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.a.2.k"

[[tasks]]
text = "Apply cosmetics to impart lifelike appearance to the deceased."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.u"

[[tasks]]
text = "Join lips, using needles and thread or wire."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.z"

[[tasks]]
text = "Incise stomach and abdominal walls and probe internal organs, using trocar, to withdraw blood and waste matter from organs."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.z"

[[tasks]]
text = "Close incisions, using needles and sutures."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.z"

[[tasks]]
text = "Clean and disinfect areas in which bodies are prepared and embalmed."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Dress bodies and place them in caskets."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.as"

[[tasks]]
text = "Make incisions in arms or thighs and drain blood from circulatory system and replace it with embalming fluid, using pump."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.z"

[[tasks]]
text = "Remove the deceased from place of death and transport to funeral home."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.j"

[[tasks]]
text = "Perform the duties of funeral directors, including coordinating funeral activities."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[tasks]]
text = "Attach trocar to pump-tube, start pump, and repeat probing to force embalming fluid into organs."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.z"

[[tasks]]
text = "Reshape or reconstruct disfigured or maimed bodies when necessary, using dermasurgery techniques and materials such as clay, cotton, plaster of Paris, and wax."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.z"

[[activities]]
name = "Transport biological or other medical materials."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Clean work areas."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Clean facilities or equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Monitor operations to ensure compliance with safety or security policies or regulations."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.2.k"

[[activities]]
name = "Apply makeup to alter or enhance appearance."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.u"

[[activities]]
name = "Embalm corpses."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.z"

[[activities]]
name = "Apply decorative or textured finishes or coverings."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.as"

[[activities]]
name = "Direct funeral or mortuary activities."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.l"

[[activities]]
name = "Maintain client information or service records."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.h"

[[activities]]
name = "Apply cleansing or conditioning agents to client hair, scalp, or skin."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.u"

[[activities]]
name = "Supervise service workers."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Handle caskets."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Arrange items for use or display."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.h"

[[activities]]
name = "Perform basic equipment maintenance."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.4.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Testify at legal or legislative proceedings."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.3.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Assist practitioners to perform medical procedures."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.5.k"

[[activities]]
name = "File documents or records."
iwa = "4.A.4.c.1.a"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Customer and Personal Service"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.68

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speaking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Listening"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Chemistry"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Psychology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.59

[[capabilities]]
name = "English Language"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.49

[[capabilities]]
name = "Law and Government"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Arm-Hand Steadiness"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Clarity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Biology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.23

[[capabilities]]
name = "Administration and Management"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.2

[[capabilities]]
name = "Administrative"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.15

[[capabilities]]
name = "Writing"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Service Orientation"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Time Management"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Visualization"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Manual Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Philosophy and Theology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.07

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Learning"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Monitoring"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Coordination"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Judgment and Decision Making"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Control Precision"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Trunk Strength"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Visual Color Discrimination"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Education and Training"
family = "knowledge"
value = 2.99

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Psychology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Word"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Excel"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Geography"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Installation"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Excel"
category = "Spreadsheet software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Office software"
category = "Office suite software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Word"
category = "Word processing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Belmar & Associates Mortware"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Corel WordPerfect Office Suite"
category = "Office suite software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Custom Data Systems Sterling Management Software"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "FPA Software MACCS"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "HMIS Advantage"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Twin Tier Technologies MIMS"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Web browser software"
category = "Internet browser software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 4.97

[[workContext]]
name = "Telephone Conversations"
value = 4.94

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Environmentally Controlled"
value = 4.86

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 4.74

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 4.68

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 4.66

[[workContext]]
name = "E-Mail"
value = 4.65

[[workContext]]
name = "Deal With External Customers or the Public in General"
value = 4.62

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 4.57

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 4.56

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 4.49

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Disease or Infections"
value = 4.4

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 4.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Contaminants"
value = 4.34

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 4.31

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Conditions"
value = 4.27

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 4.25

[[workContext]]
name = "Written Letters and Memos"
value = 4.23

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 4.14

[[workContext]]
name = "In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment"
value = 4.07

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 4.06

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 4.02

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets"
value = 3.93

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 3.74

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 3.73

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions"
value = 3.7

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 3.67

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 3.54

[[workContext]]
name = "Public Speaking"
value = 3.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People"
value = 3.38

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 3.32

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection"
value = 3.05

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures"
value = 3

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body"
value = 2.77

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled"
value = 2.7

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Under Cover"
value = 2.69

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 2.69

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 2.59

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 2.57

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Sitting"
value = 2.56

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 5.84

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 5

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical/Manual Labor"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.25

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 4

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.85

[[personFit]]
name = "Social"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.4

[[personFit]]
name = "Integrity"
family = "work_style"
value = 3

[[personFit]]
name = "Personal Service"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.85

[[personFit]]
name = "Enterprising"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 2.65

[[personFit]]
name = "Investigative"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 2.57

[[personFit]]
name = "Medical Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.32

[[personFit]]
name = "Management/Administration"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.26

[[personFit]]
name = "Life Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.11

[[personFit]]
name = "Law"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.06

[[personFit]]
name = "Stress Tolerance"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.06

[[personFit]]
name = "Social Service"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.03

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "39-4031.00"
slug = "role-39-4031-00"
title = "Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Arrangers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "39-4021.00"
slug = "role-39-4021-00"
title = "Funeral Attendants"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "11-9171.00"
slug = "role-11-9171-00"
title = "Funeral Home Managers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "39-4012.00"
slug = "role-39-4012-00"
title = "Crematory Operators"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-2061.00"
slug = "role-29-2061-00"
title = "Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-2055.00"
slug = "role-29-2055-00"
title = "Surgical Technologists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-9093.00"
slug = "role-29-9093-00"
title = "Surgical Assistants"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "13-1041.06"
slug = "role-13-1041-06"
title = "Coroners"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "31-1131.00"
slug = "role-31-1131-00"
title = "Nursing Assistants"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "31-9097.00"
slug = "role-31-9097-00"
title = "Phlebotomists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "31-1121.00"
slug = "role-31-1121-00"
title = "Home Health Aides"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1151.00"
slug = "role-29-1151-00"
title = "Nurse Anesthetists"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Healthcare & Human Services"
slug = "healthcare-human-services"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Culinary, Entertainment, and Personal Services"
slug = "culinary-entertainment-and-personal-services"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.54
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = -0.7311451
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = -0.4073465
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = -0.6571462
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
