entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-35-2013-00"
socCode = "35-2013.00"
title = "Cooks, Private Household"
summary = "Prepare meals in private homes. Includes personal chefs."
aliases = ["Certified Personal Chef (CPC)", "Personal Chef", "Personal Private Chef", "Private Chef", "Cook", "Cooking Chef", "Culinary Artist", "Culinary Chef", "Culinary Specialist", "Culinary Worker", "Dinner Cook", "Holiday Food Prepper"]
emergingTasks = []

[preparation]
jobZone = "3"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed"
education = "Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree."
experience = "Previous work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is required for these occupations. For example, an electrician must have completed three or four years of apprenticeship or several years of vocational training, and often must have passed a licensing exam, in order to perform the job."
svpRange = "(6.0 to < 7.0)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Post-Secondary Certificate"
percentage = 38.46

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "High School Diploma"
percentage = 30.77

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Less than a High School Diploma"
percentage = 15.38

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree)"
percentage = 11.54

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Some College Courses"
percentage = 3.85

[educationLevel]
category = "Postsecondary nondegree award"
slug = "postsecondary-nondegree-award"

[market]
medianWage = 44530
meanWage = 51290
pct10Wage = 38240
pct25Wage = 42800
pct75Wage = 47150
pct90Wage = 92480
employment = 900
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
concentrated = []
count = 1

[[industries.top]]
naics = "81"
slug = "81"
title = "Other Services (except Public Administration)"
level = "Sector"
medianWage = 44520

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = true
usageRelease = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 47
percentile = 46
band = "Moderate"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 26
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 33
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 83
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.3
percentile = 39
band = "Moderate"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0.16
beta = 0.24
gamma = 0.32

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 5.1
growthPercentile = 75
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 5.3
annualOpeningsPercentile = 50
employment2024Thousands = 34.2
employment2034Thousands = 36

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = -0.7867444
percentile = 26
band = "Low"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.32
percentile = 33
band = "Low"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.26035524768488
percentile = 83
band = "High"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Shop for or order food and kitchen supplies and equipment."
usagePercent = 0.003286649220037057
importance = 4.65

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Create and explore new cuisines."
usagePercent = 0.002978525855658583
importance = 3.58

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[aiPlaybook]
trustedTaskCount = 1
taskCount = 1
totalSample = 36
autonomyMedian = 4
dominantCollaboration = "directive"
automationShare = 50
release = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "directive"
percent = 50

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "personal"
percent = 58.33

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Shop for or order food and kitchen supplies and equipment."
usagePercent = 0.003600450056257032
collaboration = "directive"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 36

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Shop for or order food and kitchen supplies and equipment."
humanNeededPercent = 100
sampleCount = 36

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Do this for me: shop for or order food and kitchen supplies and equipment. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust."
collaboration = "directive"

[counts]
tasks = 13
skills = 34
capabilities = 120
tools = 10
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "2fa5ba3dcc00e99f"

[[tasks]]
text = "Peel, wash, trim, and cook vegetables and meats, and bake breads and pastries."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Cool, package, label, and freeze foods for later consumption and provide instructions for reheating."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Plan menus according to employers' needs and diet restrictions."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.d"

[[tasks]]
text = "Shop for or order food and kitchen supplies and equipment."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.c.3.e"

[[tasks]]
text = "Prepare meals in private homes according to employers' recipes or tastes, handling all meals for the family and possibly for other household staff."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Keep records pertaining to menus, finances, and other business-related issues."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.2.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Stock, organize, and clean kitchens and cooking utensils."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ak"

[[tasks]]
text = "Specialize in preparing fancy dishes or food for special diets."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Direct the operation and organization of kitchens and all food-related activities, including the presentation and serving of food."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[tasks]]
text = "Plan and prepare food for parties, holiday meals, luncheons, special functions, and other social events."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.6.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Create and explore new cuisines."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.d"

[[tasks]]
text = "Serve meals and snacks to employing families and their guests."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.o"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare foods for cooking or serving."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Compile data or documentation."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.2.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Plan menu options."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Order materials, supplies, or equipment."
iwa = "4.A.4.c.3.e"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare breads or doughs."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Cook foods."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Store supplies or goods in kitchens or storage areas."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.ak"

[[activities]]
name = "Create new recipes or food presentations."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Coordinate activities of food service staff."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Plan special events."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.6.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Serve food or beverages."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.o"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare foods or meals."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.c"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Customer and Personal Service"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.58

[[capabilities]]
name = "Food Production"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Sales and Marketing"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.73

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Fluency of Ideas"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Service Orientation"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Administration and Management"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Manual Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Listening"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speaking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Monitoring"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Judgment and Decision Making"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Time Management"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Production and Processing"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Originality"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Category Flexibility"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Selective Attention"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Arm-Hand Steadiness"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Trunk Strength"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
family = "ability"
value = 3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Writing"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 2.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Learning"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 2.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Coordination"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 2.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Management of Material Resources"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 2.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "English Language"
family = "knowledge"
value = 2.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 2.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Multilimb Coordination"
family = "ability"
value = 2.88

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "WordPress"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Email Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Psychology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Geography"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Installation"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Accounting Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "Intuit QuickBooks"
category = "Accounting software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "WordPress"
category = "Web page creation and editing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "APPCA Personal Chef Office"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Cooking e-books"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Cost tracking software"
category = "Accounting software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Email software"
category = "Electronic mail software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Food inventory software"
category = "Inventory management software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Web browser software"
category = "Internet browser software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Work scheduling software"
category = "Calendar and scheduling software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "YouTube"
category = "Video creation and editing software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 4.77

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 4.62

[[workContext]]
name = "E-Mail"
value = 4.42

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 4.15

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 4.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Environmentally Controlled"
value = 4

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 3.88

[[workContext]]
name = "Telephone Conversations"
value = 3.73

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 3.65

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 3.62

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 3.62

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 3.58

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 3.58

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 3.38

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings"
value = 3.27

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 3.23

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets"
value = 3.16

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 3.12

[[workContext]]
name = "Deal With External Customers or the Public in General"
value = 2.96

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 2.77

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 2.77

[[workContext]]
name = "In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment"
value = 2.65

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 2.5

[[workContext]]
name = "Written Letters and Memos"
value = 2.46

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 2.46

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 2.42

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable"
value = 2.38

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 2.31

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body"
value = 2.27

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 2.19

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 2.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Equipment"
value = 2.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures"
value = 2

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling"
value = 1.96

[[workContext]]
name = "Public Speaking"
value = 1.88

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People"
value = 1.88

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled"
value = 1.88

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Under Cover"
value = 1.81

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Contaminants"
value = 1.77

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions"
value = 1.73

[[personFit]]
name = "Culinary Art"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.58

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 4.98

[[personFit]]
name = "Personal Service"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.33

[[personFit]]
name = "Social"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.78

[[personFit]]
name = "Artistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.77

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.71

[[personFit]]
name = "Enterprising"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.55

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical/Manual Labor"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.88

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.59

[[personFit]]
name = "Management/Administration"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.42

[[personFit]]
name = "Applied Arts and Design"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.35

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.11

[[personFit]]
name = "Accounting"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 1.86

[[personFit]]
name = "Innovation"
family = "work_style"
value = 1.86

[[personFit]]
name = "Visual Arts"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 1.8

[[personFit]]
name = "Integrity"
family = "work_style"
value = 1.79

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-2014.00"
slug = "role-35-2014-00"
title = "Cooks, Restaurant"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-1011.00"
slug = "role-35-1011-00"
title = "Chefs and Head Cooks"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-2012.00"
slug = "role-35-2012-00"
title = "Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-2021.00"
slug = "role-35-2021-00"
title = "Food Preparation Workers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-2015.00"
slug = "role-35-2015-00"
title = "Cooks, Short Order"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-2011.00"
slug = "role-35-2011-00"
title = "Cooks, Fast Food"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-3011.00"
slug = "role-51-3011-00"
title = "Bakers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "11-9051.00"
slug = "role-11-9051-00"
title = "Food Service Managers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-3023.00"
slug = "role-35-3023-00"
title = "Fast Food and Counter Workers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-3023.01"
slug = "role-35-3023-01"
title = "Baristas"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-3021.00"
slug = "role-51-3021-00"
title = "Butchers and Meat Cutters"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "35-3041.00"
slug = "role-35-3041-00"
title = "Food Servers, Nonrestaurant"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Hospitality, Events, & Tourism"
slug = "hospitality-events-tourism"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Management & Entrepreneurship"
slug = "management-entrepreneurship"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Culinary, Entertainment, and Personal Services"
slug = "culinary-entertainment-and-personal-services"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.3
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = -0.7867444
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = -0.7491215
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = -0.6394508
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
