entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-29-1212-00"
socCode = "29-1212.00"
title = "Cardiologists"
summary = "Diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent diseases or conditions of the cardiovascular system. May further subspecialize in interventional procedures (e.g., balloon angioplasty and stent placement), echocardiography, or electrophysiology."
aliases = ["APP (Advanced Practice Provider)", "Cardiac Specialist", "Cardiologist", "Cardiology Non-Invasive Physician", "Cardiology Physician", "DO Physician (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine Physician)", "Electrophysiology Cardiologist", "General Cardiologist", "Heart Failure Cardiologist", "Interventional Cardiologist", "Interventional Cardiology Physician", "Invasive Cardiologist"]
emergingTasks = []
capabilities = []
workContext = []
aiSignals = []

[preparation]
jobZone = "5"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed"
education = "Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree)."
experience = "Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job."
svpRange = "(8.0 and above)"
educationDistribution = []

[educationLevel]
category = "Doctoral or professional degree"
slug = "doctoral-or-professional-degree"

[market]
meanWage = 432490
pct10Wage = 119970
pct25Wage = 230100
employment = 18020
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 3

[[industries.top]]
naics = "62"
slug = "62"
title = "Health Care and Social Assistance"
level = "Sector"
employment = 17580
lq = 6.51

[[industries.top]]
naics = "42"
slug = "42"
title = "Wholesale Trade"
level = "Sector"
employment = 60

[[industries.top]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
medianWage = 84400

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "62"
slug = "62"
title = "Health Care and Social Assistance"
level = "Sector"
employment = 17580
lq = 6.51

[aiOutlook]
usageRelease = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 50
percentile = 50
band = "Moderate"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 2

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 55
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 45
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0
beta = 0.34615384615384615
gamma = 0.6923076923076923

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 4.1
growthPercentile = 65
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 0.6
annualOpeningsPercentile = 9
employment2024Thousands = 19.4
employment2034Thousands = 20.2

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.6923076923076923
percentile = 55
band = "Moderate"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.1378106161797468
percentile = 45
band = "Moderate"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients."
usagePercent = 0.01602241494768065

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[counts]
tasks = 25
skills = 1
capabilities = 0
tools = 3
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "e0964cd8cbb2bc4a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Administer emergency cardiac care for life-threatening heart problems, such as cardiac arrest and heart attack."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.4.a.5.g"

[[tasks]]
text = "Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, or disease prevention."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.6.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.6.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.f"

[[tasks]]
text = "Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standards to identify abnormalities, using the results of an echocardiogram."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.f"

[[tasks]]
text = "Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Conduct exercise electrocardiogram tests to monitor cardiovascular activity under stress."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures that prevent or control disease or injury."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.s"

[[tasks]]
text = "Conduct tests of the pulmonary system, using a spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Design and explain treatment plans, based on patient information such as medical history, reports, and examination results."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Diagnose cardiovascular conditions, using cardiac catheterization."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Diagnose medical conditions of patients, using records, reports, test results, or examination information."
type = "n/a"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Treat medical emergencies."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.5.g"

[[activities]]
name = "Provide health and wellness advice to patients, program participants, or caregivers."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.6.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Advise communities or institutions regarding health or safety issues."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.6.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Calculate numerical data for medical activities."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Analyze test data or images to inform diagnosis or treatment."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Test patient heart or lung functioning."
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Operate diagnostic or therapeutic medical instruments or equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Conduct research to increase knowledge about medical issues."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.s"

[[activities]]
name = "Develop medical treatment plans."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Confer with clients to discuss treatment plans or progress."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.1.e"

[[activities]]
name = "Conduct diagnostic tests to determine patient health."
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Explain medical procedures or test results to patients or family members."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.1.e"

[[activities]]
name = "Administer medical substances for imaging or other procedures."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.5.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Monitor patient progress or responses to treatments."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.2.e"

[[activities]]
name = "Assess physical conditions of patients to aid in diagnosis or treatment."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.1.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Collect medical information from patients, family members, or other medical professionals."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.l"

[[activities]]
name = "Record patient medical histories."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.k"

[[activities]]
name = "Operate diagnostic imaging equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Order medical diagnostic or clinical tests."
iwa = "4.A.4.c.3.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Operate on patients to treat conditions."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.5.l"

[[activities]]
name = "Prescribe medications."
iwa = "4.A.4.c.3.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Refer patients to other healthcare practitioners or health resources."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.5.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Train medical providers."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.3.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Supervise patient care personnel."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Confer with other professionals to plan patient care."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.2.d"

[[skills]]
name = "Medical Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "Epic Systems"
category = "Medical software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "MEDITECH software"
category = "Medical software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Watchman Monitoring"
category = "Transaction security and virus protection software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 10

[[personFit]]
name = "Integrity"
family = "work_style"
value = 9

[[personFit]]
name = "Cautiousness"
family = "work_style"
value = 8

[[personFit]]
name = "Intellectual Curiosity"
family = "work_style"
value = 7

[[personFit]]
name = "Health Care Service"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.88

[[personFit]]
name = "Investigative"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 6.87

[[personFit]]
name = "Medical Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.22

[[personFit]]
name = "Cooperation"
family = "work_style"
value = 6

[[personFit]]
name = "Life Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 5.79

[[personFit]]
name = "Achievement Orientation"
family = "work_style"
value = 5

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 4.96

[[personFit]]
name = "Social"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 4.73

[[personFit]]
name = "Mathematics/Statistics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.02

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 4

[[personFit]]
name = "Self-Control"
family = "work_style"
value = 4

[[personFit]]
name = "Stress Tolerance"
family = "work_style"
value = 3

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1243.00"
slug = "role-29-1243-00"
title = "Pediatric Surgeons"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1216.00"
slug = "role-29-1216-00"
title = "General Internal Medicine Physicians"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1211.00"
slug = "role-29-1211-00"
title = "Anesthesiologists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1229.03"
slug = "role-29-1229-03"
title = "Urologists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1214.00"
slug = "role-29-1214-00"
title = "Emergency Medicine Physicians"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1224.00"
slug = "role-29-1224-00"
title = "Radiologists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1217.00"
slug = "role-29-1217-00"
title = "Neurologists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1241.00"
slug = "role-29-1241-00"
title = "Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1242.00"
slug = "role-29-1242-00"
title = "Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1215.00"
slug = "role-29-1215-00"
title = "Family Medicine Physicians"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-2031.00"
slug = "role-29-2031-00"
title = "Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-1229.04"
slug = "role-29-1229-04"
title = "Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Healthcare & Human Services"
slug = "healthcare-human-services"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Health Professions and Related Programs"
slug = "health-professions-and-related-programs"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Medical Residency/Fellowship Programs"
slug = "medical-residency-fellowship-programs"
