# Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials

> Officiate at competitive athletic or sporting events. Detect infractions of rules and decide penalties according to established regulations. Includes all sporting officials, referees, and competition judges.
- **Entity Type:** role
- **Schema Version:** role.v1
- **Soc Code:** 27-2023.00
- **Summary:** Officiate at competitive athletic or sporting events. Detect infractions of rules and decide penalties according to established regulations. Includes all sporting officials, referees, and competition judges.

## Aliases

- Horse Show Judge
- Major League Baseball Umpire (MLB Umpire)
- Referee
- Sports Official
- Basketball Referee
- Diving Judge
- Dressage Judge
- Football Referee
- Soccer Referee
- Softball Umpire
- Athletic Events Scorer
- Baseball Coach

## Tasks

| Text | Type | Iwa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Officiate at sporting events, games, or competitions, to maintain standards of play and to ensure that game rules are observed. | Core | 4.A.4.b.1.d |
| Judge performances in sporting competitions to award points, impose scoring penalties, and determine results. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.a.1.d |
| Inspect game sites for compliance with regulations or safety requirements. | Core | 4.A.1.b.2.e |
| Resolve claims of rule infractions or complaints by participants and assess any necessary penalties, according to regulations. | Core | 4.A.4.b.1.d |
| Verify scoring calculations before competition winners are announced. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.a.2.a |
| Signal participants or other officials to make them aware of infractions or to otherwise regulate play or competition. | Core | 4.A.4.b.1.d |
| Teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport. | Core | 4.A.4.b.5.a |
| Start races and competitions. | Supplemental | 4.A.4.b.1.d |
| Inspect sporting equipment or examine participants to ensure compliance with event and safety regulations. | Core | 4.A.1.a.2.f |
| Compile scores and other athletic records. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.a.2.c |
| Verify credentials of participants in sporting events, and make other qualifying determinations, such as starting order or handicap number. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.a.2.a |
| Keep track of event times, including race times and elapsed time during game segments, starting or stopping play when necessary. | Supplemental | 4.A.4.b.1.d |

## Emerging Tasks


## Activities

| Name | Iwa |
| --- | --- |
| Inspect work sites to identify potential environmental or safety hazards. | 4.A.1.b.2.e |
| Inspect facilities, equipment or supplies to ensure conformance to standards. | 4.A.1.b.2.e |
| Coordinate athletic or sporting events or activities. | 4.A.4.b.1.d |
| Evaluate skills of athletes or performers. | 4.A.2.a.1.d |
| Monitor activities of individuals to ensure safety or compliance with rules. | 4.A.1.a.2.f |
| Determine operational compliance with regulations or standards. | 4.A.1.a.2.k |
| Verify accuracy of data. | 4.A.2.a.2.a |
| Investigate work related complaints to determine corrective actions. | 4.A.1.a.1.v |
| Discuss performance, complaints, or violations with supervisors. | 4.A.4.a.2.c |
| Coach others. | 4.A.4.b.5.a |
| Observe individuals' activities to gather information or compile evidence. | 4.A.1.a.1.o |
| Investigate personal characteristics or activities of individuals. | 4.A.1.a.1.o |
| Compile technical information or documentation. | 4.A.2.a.2.c |

## Capabilities

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oral Expression | ability | 3.88 |
| Far Vision | ability | 3.88 |
| Oral Comprehension | ability | 3.75 |
| Near Vision | ability | 3.75 |
| Speaking | essential_skill | 3.62 |
| Problem Sensitivity | ability | 3.62 |
| Speech Clarity | ability | 3.62 |
| English Language | knowledge | 3.43 |
| Critical Thinking | essential_skill | 3.38 |
| Active Listening | essential_skill | 3.25 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | transferable_skill | 3.25 |
| Deductive Reasoning | ability | 3.25 |
| Speech Recognition | ability | 3.25 |
| Monitoring | essential_skill | 3.12 |
| Flexibility of Closure | ability | 3.12 |
| Perceptual Speed | ability | 3.12 |
| Selective Attention | ability | 3.12 |
| Time Sharing | ability | 3.12 |
| Reading Comprehension | essential_skill | 3 |
| Active Learning | essential_skill | 3 |
| Learning Strategies | essential_skill | 3 |
| Social Perceptiveness | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Coordination | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Complex Problem Solving | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Written Comprehension | ability | 3 |
| Inductive Reasoning | ability | 3 |
| Memorization | ability | 3 |
| Speed of Closure | ability | 3 |
| Trunk Strength | ability | 3 |
| Education and Training | knowledge | 2.9 |
| Instructing | transferable_skill | 2.88 |
| Time Management | transferable_skill | 2.88 |
| Written Expression | ability | 2.88 |
| Information Ordering | ability | 2.88 |
| Category Flexibility | ability | 2.88 |
| Stamina | ability | 2.88 |
| Administration and Management | knowledge | 2.85 |
| Writing | essential_skill | 2.75 |
| Persuasion | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Negotiation | transferable_skill | 2.75 |

## Skills

| Name | Type |
| --- | --- |
| English Language | Common Skill |
| Critical Thinking | Common Skill |
| Speech Recognition | Specialized Skill |
| Deductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Active Listening | Common Skill |
| Social Perceptiveness | Common Skill |
| Reading Comprehension | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Word | Common Skill |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Outlook | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Excel | Common Skill |
| Learning Strategies | Specialized Skill |
| Inductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Complex Problem Solving | Common Skill |
| Adobe Acrobat | Specialized Skill |
| Active Learning | Common Skill |
| Time Management | Common Skill |
| Instructing | Specialized Skill |
| Information Ordering | Specialized Skill |
| Writing | Common Skill |
| Negotiation | Common Skill |
| Visualization | Specialized Skill |
| Psychology | Specialized Skill |
| Mathematics | Common Skill |
| Video Editing Software | Specialized Skill |
| Systems Analysis | Specialized Skill |
| Email Software | Specialized Skill |
| Depth Perception | Common Skill |
| Database Software | Specialized Skill |
| Finger Dexterity | Common Skill |
| Biology | Specialized Skill |
| Physics | Specialized Skill |
| Telecommunications | Specialized Skill |
| Geography | Specialized Skill |
| Foreign Language | Common Skill |
| Chemistry | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Selection | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Maintenance | Specialized Skill |
| Presentation Software | Specialized Skill |
| Installation | Specialized Skill |

## Tools

| Example | Category | Hot | In Demand |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adobe Acrobat | Document management software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Excel | Spreadsheet software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Office software | Office suite software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Outlook | Electronic mail software | yes | no |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Presentation software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Word | Word processing software | yes | no |
| Database software | Data base user interface and query software | no | no |
| Email software | Electronic mail software | no | no |
| Video editing software | Video creation and editing software | no | no |
| Web browser software | Internet browser software | no | no |

## Work Context

| Name | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Freedom to Make Decisions | 4.52 |
| Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team | 4 |
| Spend Time Standing | 4 |
| Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams | 3.95 |
| Importance of Being Exact or Accurate | 3.95 |
| Contact With Others | 3.9 |
| Physical Proximity | 3.85 |
| E-Mail | 3.76 |
| Level of Competition | 3.48 |
| Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions | 3.45 |
| Telephone Conversations | 3.43 |
| Spend Time Walking or Running | 3.43 |
| Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results | 3.33 |
| Frequency of Decision Making | 3.29 |
| Conflict Situations | 3.19 |
| Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People | 3.14 |
| Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities | 3.05 |
| Time Pressure | 3.05 |
| Deal With External Customers or the Public in General | 2.9 |
| Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals | 2.86 |
| Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled | 2.67 |
| Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures | 2.65 |
| Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers | 2.63 |
| Health and Safety of Other Workers | 2.62 |
| Importance of Repeating Same Tasks | 2.62 |
| Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable | 2.58 |
| Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions | 2.48 |
| Public Speaking | 2.43 |
| Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets | 2.33 |
| Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body | 2.29 |
| Written Letters and Memos | 2.24 |
| Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions | 2.2 |
| Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance | 2.19 |
| Consequence of Error | 2.19 |
| Indoors, Environmentally Controlled | 2.14 |
| Spend Time Sitting | 2.1 |
| Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling | 2.1 |
| Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People | 2.05 |
| Exposed to Contaminants | 1.9 |
| Outdoors, Under Cover | 1.8 |

## Preparation

- **Job Zone:** 2
- **Job Zone Name:** Job Zone 1-2: Very Little to Some Preparation Needed
- **Education:** Usually requires a high school diploma or GED, though some occupations may not.
- **Experience:** Some occupations may need little or no previous experience; others require several months to a year of experience. For example, landscaping and groundskeeping workers might require very little training or previous experience, while agricultural equipment operators can benefit from on-the job training.
- **Svp Range:** (Below 6.0)

### Education Distribution

| Label | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| High School Diploma | 42.86 |
| Less than a High School Diploma | 23.81 |
| Bachelor's Degree | 14.29 |
| Post-Secondary Certificate | 9.52 |
| Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree) | 4.76 |
| Doctoral Degree | 4.76 |

## Person Fit

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Athletics | specific_interest_area | 6.78 |
| Dependability | work_style | 6 |
| Enterprising | career_interest_type | 5.77 |
| Attention to Detail | work_style | 5 |
| Conventional | career_interest_type | 4.53 |
| Realistic | career_interest_type | 4.3 |
| Integrity | work_style | 4 |
| Social | career_interest_type | 3.44 |
| Public Speaking | specific_interest_area | 3.21 |
| Self-Control | work_style | 3 |
| Management/Administration | specific_interest_area | 2.79 |
| Teaching/Education | specific_interest_area | 2.61 |
| Protective Service | specific_interest_area | 2.6 |
| Stress Tolerance | work_style | 2.43 |
| Self-Confidence | work_style | 2.36 |
| Cautiousness | work_style | 1.99 |

## Related Roles

| Soc Code | Slug | Title | Tier |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27-2022.00 | role-27-2022-00 | Coaches and Scouts | Primary-Short |
| 27-2021.00 | role-27-2021-00 | Athletes and Sports Competitors | Primary-Short |
| 39-3091.00 | role-39-3091-00 | Amusement and Recreation Attendants | Primary-Short |
| 39-1014.00 | role-39-1014-00 | First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services | Primary-Short |
| 39-9031.00 | role-39-9031-00 | Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors | Primary-Short |
| 33-1012.00 | role-33-1012-00 | First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives | Primary-Long |
| 39-2011.00 | role-39-2011-00 | Animal Trainers | Primary-Long |
| 13-1041.00 | role-13-1041-00 | Compliance Officers | Primary-Long |
| 25-3021.00 | role-25-3021-00 | Self-Enrichment Teachers | Primary-Long |
| 33-3011.00 | role-33-3011-00 | Bailiffs | Primary-Long |
| 29-9091.00 | role-29-9091-00 | Athletic Trainers | Supplemental |
| 39-9032.00 | role-39-9032-00 | Recreation Workers | Supplemental |

## Career Clusters

| Cluster | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Arts, Entertainment, & Design | arts-entertainment-design |

## Education Level

- **Category:** High school diploma or equivalent

## Study Programs


## Market

- **Median Wage:** 38820
- **Mean Wage:** 52800
- **Pct10Wage:** 25070
- **Pct25Wage:** 30920
- **Pct75Wage:** 53560
- **Pct90Wage:** 93180
- **Employment:** 15080
- **Area Title:** U.S.

## Industries


### Top

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Median Wage | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 71 | 71 | Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation | Sector | 6440 | 42350 | 24.92 |
| 713940 | 713940 | Fitness and Recreational Sports Centers | National industry | 1560 | 40840 | 25.3 |
| 81 | 81 | Other Services (except Public Administration) | Sector | 1550 |  | 3.58 |
| 61 | 61 | Educational Services | Sector | 1320 | 38320 | 0.99 |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 130 | 34440 | 0.15 |
| 561320 | 561320 | Temporary Help Services | National industry | 130 | 34440 | 0.5 |
| 62 | 62 | Health Care and Social Assistance | Sector | 80 | 35240 |  |
| 72 | 72 | Accommodation and Food Services | Sector |  | 48610 |  |

### Concentrated

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 713940 | 713940 | Fitness and Recreational Sports Centers | National industry | 1560 | 25.3 |
| 71 | 71 | Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation | Sector | 6440 | 24.92 |
| 81 | 81 | Other Services (except Public Administration) | Sector | 1550 | 3.58 |
| 61 | 61 | Educational Services | Sector | 1320 | 0.99 |
| 561320 | 561320 | Temporary Help Services | National industry | 130 | 0.5 |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 130 | 0.15 |
- **Count:** 8

## Ai Signals

| Source | Label | Score | Scale | Release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frey_osborne | Computerization probability | 0.98 | 0-1 probability | 2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot |
| felten_aioe | AI occupational exposure | -0.0325617 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_image_generation_aioe | Image generation occupational exposure | 0.159915 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_language_modeling_aioe | Language modeling occupational exposure | -0.1454976 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |

## Ai Outlook


### Index

- **Value:** 36
- **Percentile:** 34
- **Band:** Moderate
- **Version:** ai-exposure-index-v1

#### Components

| Percentile | Source |
| --- | --- |
| 47 | felten_aioe |
| 36 | openai_gpts_are_gpts |
| 25 | microsoft_working_with_ai |
- **Component Count:** 3

### Exposure

| Source | Label | Value | Percentile | Band | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| felten_aioe | Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) | -0.0325617 | 47 | Moderate | How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss. |
| eloundou_gamma | LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) | 0.375 | 36 | Moderate | Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank. |
| microsoft_applicability | AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) | 0.08707104524958936 | 25 | Low | How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement. |

### Frey Historical

- **Source:** frey
- **Label:** Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)
- **Value:** 0.98
- **Percentile:** 97
- **Band:** High
- **Note:** A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
- **Teleworkable:** no

### Eloundou

- **Alpha:** 0.24999999999999997
- **Beta:** 0.3125
- **Gamma:** 0.375

### Usage Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Importance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport. | 0.0018487401862708444 | 4.33 |
- **Usage Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

### Bls

- **Growth Percent:** 5.7
- **Growth Percentile:** 79
- **Direction:** About average
- **Annual Openings Thousands:** 4.6
- **Annual Openings Percentile:** 46
- **Employment2024Thousands:** 19.3
- **Employment2034Thousands:** 20.4

### Sources

| Source | Version |
| --- | --- |
| bls_employment_projections | 2024-2034 |
| dingel_neiman | dingel-neiman-workathome |
| felten_aioe | felten-raj-seamans-aioe |
| frey_osborne | frey-osborne-automation |
| microsoft_working_with_ai | working-with-ai |
| openai_gpts_are_gpts | gpts-are-gpts |

## Ai Playbook

- **Trusted Task Count:** 1
- **Task Count:** 1
- **Total Sample:** 44
- **Autonomy Median:** 3
- **Dominant Collaboration:** learning
- **Augmentation Share:** 61.36

### Collaboration

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| learning | 61.36 |

### Use Case

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| personal | 81.82 |

### Delegated Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Collaboration | Autonomy Median | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport. | 0.004400550068758595 | learning | 3 | 44 |

### Boundary Tasks

| Task | Human Needed Percent | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport. | 97.72727272727273 | 44 |

### Seed Prompts

| Prompt | Collaboration |
| --- | --- |
| Teach me how to teach and explain the rules and regulations governing a specific sport, then check my work as I try it myself. | learning |
- **Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

## Counts

- **Tasks:** 16
- **Skills:** 40
- **Capabilities:** 120
- **Tools:** 10
- **Related Roles:** 20

## Source

- **Dataset:** gold.onet_role_starter_surface
- **Version:** 30.3
- **Generated At:** 2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00
- **Content Hash:** 6cbab312be3253cd