entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-27-2021-00"
socCode = "27-2021.00"
title = "Athletes and Sports Competitors"
summary = "Compete in athletic events."
aliases = ["Baseball Player", "Golf Professional", "Hockey Player", "Race Car Driver", "Baseball Pitcher", "Basketball Player", "Major League Baseball Player", "Minor League Baseball Player", "Professional Athlete", "Professional Golf Tournament Player", "All Terrain Vehicle Racer (ATV Racer)", "Archer"]
emergingTasks = []

[preparation]
jobZone = "2"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone 1-2: Very Little to Some Preparation Needed"
education = "Usually requires a high school diploma or GED, though some occupations may not."
experience = "Some occupations may need little or no previous experience; others require several months to a year of experience. For example, landscaping and groundskeeping workers might require very little training or previous experience, while agricultural equipment operators can benefit from on-the job training."
svpRange = "(Below 6.0)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Less than a High School Diploma"
percentage = 34.8

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Bachelor's Degree"
percentage = 24.46

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "High School Diploma"
percentage = 23.33

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree)"
percentage = 8.7

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Post-Secondary Certificate"
percentage = 5.46

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Some College Courses"
percentage = 3.25

[educationLevel]
category = "No formal educational credential"
slug = "no-formal-educational-credential"

[market]
medianWage = 62360
meanWage = 259750
pct10Wage = 24960
pct25Wage = 36750
pct75Wage = 130770
employment = 14370
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 4

[[industries.top]]
naics = "71"
slug = "71"
title = "Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation"
level = "Sector"
employment = 13850
medianWage = 62270
lq = 56.24

[[industries.top]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 280
medianWage = 84460
lq = 0.22

[[industries.top]]
naics = "81"
slug = "81"
title = "Other Services (except Public Administration)"
level = "Sector"
employment = 90
medianWage = 67480

[[industries.top]]
naics = "713940"
slug = "713940"
title = "Fitness and Recreational Sports Centers"
level = "National industry"
medianWage = 61190

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "71"
slug = "71"
title = "Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation"
level = "Sector"
employment = 13850
lq = 56.24

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 280
lq = 0.22

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = true
usageTasks = []

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 26
percentile = 24
band = "Low"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 1
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 3
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 74
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.28
percentile = 38
band = "Moderate"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0
beta = 0
gamma = 0

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 5.5
growthPercentile = 77
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 2.1
annualOpeningsPercentile = 29
employment2024Thousands = 19.1
employment2034Thousands = 20.2

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = -1.814336
percentile = 1
band = "Low"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0
percentile = 3
band = "Low"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.22170351945623562
percentile = 74
band = "High"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[aiPlaybook]
trustedTaskCount = 1
taskCount = 1
totalSample = 45
autonomyMedian = 4
collaboration = []
release = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "personal"
percent = 91.11

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Assess performance following athletic competition, identifying strengths and weaknesses and making adjustments to improve future performance."
usagePercent = 0.00450056257032129
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 45

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Assess performance following athletic competition, identifying strengths and weaknesses and making adjustments to improve future performance."
humanNeededPercent = 88.88888888888889
sampleCount = 45

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Help me with this part of my job: assess performance following athletic competition, identifying strengths and weaknesses and making adjustments to improve future performance"

[counts]
tasks = 9
skills = 38
capabilities = 120
tools = 12
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "d9ce3f7b63915a18"

[[tasks]]
text = "Assess performance following athletic competition, identifying strengths and weaknesses and making adjustments to improve future performance."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.1.d"

[[tasks]]
text = "Maintain equipment used in a particular sport."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.5.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Attend scheduled practice or training sessions."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.p"

[[tasks]]
text = "Maintain optimum physical fitness levels by training regularly, following nutrition plans, or consulting with health professionals."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.p"

[[tasks]]
text = "Participate in athletic events or competitive sports, according to established rules and regulations."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.p"

[[tasks]]
text = "Exercise or practice under the direction of athletic trainers or professional coaches to develop skills, improve physical condition, or prepare for competitions."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.p"

[[tasks]]
text = "Receive instructions from coaches or other sports staff prior to events and discuss performance afterwards."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.p"

[[tasks]]
text = "Represent teams or professional sports clubs, performing such activities as meeting with members of the media, making speeches, or participating in charity events."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.a.6.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Lead teams by serving as captain."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.5.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Practice athletic or artistic skills."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.p"

[[activities]]
name = "Participate in athletic events."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.1.p"

[[activities]]
name = "Maintain equipment or systems to ensure proper functioning."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.5.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Perform manual service or maintenance tasks."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.5.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Evaluate skills of athletes or performers."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.1.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Promote products, activities, or organizations."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.6.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Coach others."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.5.a"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speaking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Static Strength"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Stamina"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Listening"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Administration and Management"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.72

[[capabilities]]
name = "English Language"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.69

[[capabilities]]
name = "Coordination"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Explosive Strength"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Dynamic Strength"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Clarity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Customer and Personal Service"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.58

[[capabilities]]
name = "Gross Body Coordination"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Personnel and Human Resources"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.39

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Multilimb Coordination"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Extent Flexibility"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Far Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Communications and Media"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.31

[[capabilities]]
name = "Monitoring"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Judgment and Decision Making"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Arm-Hand Steadiness"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Trunk Strength"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Gross Body Equilibrium"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Education and Training"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.23

[[capabilities]]
name = "Sales and Marketing"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.17

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Selective Attention"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Manual Dexterity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.07

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Learning"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Word"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Excel"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Facebook"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Adobe Photoshop"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Psychology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Email Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Geography"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Presentation Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Installation"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "Adobe Photoshop"
category = "Graphics or photo imaging software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Facebook"
category = "Web page creation and editing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Excel"
category = "Spreadsheet software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Office software"
category = "Office suite software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
category = "Presentation software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Word"
category = "Word processing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Oracle PeopleSoft"
category = "Enterprise resource planning ERP software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Email software"
category = "Electronic mail software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Motion analysis software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Twitter"
category = "Instant messaging software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Web browser software"
category = "Internet browser software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "YouTube"
category = "Video creation and editing software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 4.75

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 4.47

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 4.44

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 4.32

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 4.21

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions"
value = 4.2

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 4.14

[[workContext]]
name = "Telephone Conversations"
value = 4.11

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 4.07

[[workContext]]
name = "E-Mail"
value = 4.03

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 4.03

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 3.92

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 3.87

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 3.76

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 3.75

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 3.68

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 3.67

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 3.54

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures"
value = 3.43

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets"
value = 3.41

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 3.38

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 3.38

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 3.37

[[workContext]]
name = "Deal With External Customers or the Public in General"
value = 3.33

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 3.28

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions"
value = 3.27

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body"
value = 3.23

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Environmentally Controlled"
value = 3.19

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance"
value = 3.12

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 3.1

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled"
value = 3.03

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People"
value = 2.98

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable"
value = 2.98

[[workContext]]
name = "In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment"
value = 2.76

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Under Cover"
value = 2.66

[[workContext]]
name = "Written Letters and Memos"
value = 2.65

[[workContext]]
name = "Public Speaking"
value = 2.54

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 2.51

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Contaminants"
value = 2.4

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings"
value = 2.32

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 7

[[personFit]]
name = "Athletics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.87

[[personFit]]
name = "Achievement Orientation"
family = "work_style"
value = 6

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 5.18

[[personFit]]
name = "Self-Control"
family = "work_style"
value = 5

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical/Manual Labor"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.98

[[personFit]]
name = "Enterprising"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 4.53

[[personFit]]
name = "Social"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 4.3

[[personFit]]
name = "Stress Tolerance"
family = "work_style"
value = 4

[[personFit]]
name = "Public Speaking"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 3.68

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.01

[[personFit]]
name = "Perseverance"
family = "work_style"
value = 3

[[personFit]]
name = "Marketing/Advertising"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.97

[[personFit]]
name = "Self-Confidence"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.56

[[personFit]]
name = "Management/Administration"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.45

[[personFit]]
name = "Sales"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.41

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "27-2022.00"
slug = "role-27-2022-00"
title = "Coaches and Scouts"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "27-2023.00"
slug = "role-27-2023-00"
title = "Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "39-9031.00"
slug = "role-39-9031-00"
title = "Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "39-3091.00"
slug = "role-39-3091-00"
title = "Amusement and Recreation Attendants"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-9091.00"
slug = "role-29-9091-00"
title = "Athletic Trainers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "13-1151.00"
slug = "role-13-1151-00"
title = "Training and Development Specialists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "25-3021.00"
slug = "role-25-3021-00"
title = "Self-Enrichment Teachers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "25-2032.00"
slug = "role-25-2032-00"
title = "Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "27-2031.00"
slug = "role-27-2031-00"
title = "Dancers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "27-2042.00"
slug = "role-27-2042-00"
title = "Musicians and Singers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "39-2011.00"
slug = "role-39-2011-00"
title = "Animal Trainers"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "25-1194.00"
slug = "role-25-1194-00"
title = "Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Arts, Entertainment, & Design"
slug = "arts-entertainment-design"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Parks, Recreation, Leisure, Fitness, and Kinesiology"
slug = "parks-recreation-leisure-fitness-and-kinesiology"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.28
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = -1.814336
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = -2.461248
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = -1.290383
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
