# Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates

> Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.
- **Entity Type:** role
- **Schema Version:** role.v1
- **Soc Code:** 23-1023.00
- **Summary:** Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.

## Aliases

- District Court Judge
- Judge
- Magistrate
- Superior Court Judge
- Circuit Court Judge
- Circuit Judge
- County Judge
- Court of Appeals Judge
- Justice of the Peace
- Magisterial District Judge
- Administrative Court Justice
- Appeals Specialist

## Tasks

| Text | Type | Iwa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sentence defendants in criminal cases, on conviction by jury, according to applicable government statutes. | Core | 4.A.2.b.1.e |
| Rule on custody and access disputes, and enforce court orders regarding custody and support of children. | Supplemental | 4.A.2.b.1.e |
| Monitor proceedings to ensure that all applicable rules and procedures are followed. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.l |
| Instruct juries on applicable laws, direct juries to deduce the facts from the evidence presented, and hear their verdicts. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.l |
| Write decisions on cases. | Core | 4.A.3.b.6.b |
| Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.e |
| Rule on admissibility of evidence and methods of conducting testimony. | Core | 4.A.2.b.1.e |
| Preside over hearings and listen to allegations made by plaintiffs to determine whether the evidence supports the charges. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.c |
| Conduct preliminary hearings to decide issues, such as whether there is reasonable and probable cause to hold defendants in felony cases. | Supplemental | 4.A.1.a.1.c |
| Award compensation for damages to litigants in civil cases in relation to findings by juries or by the court. | Core | 4.A.2.b.1.c |
| Advise attorneys, juries, litigants, and court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.l |
| Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.e |

## Emerging Tasks

| Text |
| --- |
| Issue search or arrest warrants. |

## Activities

| Name | Iwa |
| --- | --- |
| Inform the public about policies, services or procedures. | 4.A.4.a.1.b |
| Serve court ordered documents. | 4.A.4.c.1.b |
| Direct courtroom activities or procedures. | 4.A.4.b.4.l |
| Make decisions in legal cases. | 4.A.2.b.1.e |
| Rule on admissibility of legal proceedings. | 4.A.2.b.1.e |
| Conduct hearings to investigate legal issues. | 4.A.1.a.1.c |
| Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making. | 4.A.1.a.1.e |
| Identify implications for cases from legal precedents or other legal information. | 4.A.2.a.4.h |
| Prepare written decisions for legal proceedings. | 4.A.3.b.6.b |
| Authorize payments to settle legal disputes. | 4.A.2.b.1.c |
| Arbitrate disputes between parties to resolve legal conflicts. | 4.A.4.a.7.a |
| Supervise activities of other legal personnel. | 4.A.4.b.4.a |
| Administer oaths to court participants. | 4.A.4.c.1.b |

## Capabilities

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Active Listening | essential_skill | 5 |
| Law and Government | knowledge | 4.9 |
| Critical Thinking | essential_skill | 4.88 |
| Oral Comprehension | ability | 4.62 |
| Deductive Reasoning | ability | 4.62 |
| English Language | knowledge | 4.51 |
| Written Comprehension | ability | 4.38 |
| Reading Comprehension | essential_skill | 4.25 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | transferable_skill | 4.25 |
| Oral Expression | ability | 4.25 |
| Inductive Reasoning | ability | 4.25 |
| Writing | essential_skill | 4.12 |
| Speaking | essential_skill | 4.12 |
| Complex Problem Solving | transferable_skill | 4.12 |
| Written Expression | ability | 4.12 |
| Speech Clarity | ability | 4.12 |
| Active Learning | essential_skill | 4 |
| Social Perceptiveness | transferable_skill | 4 |
| Problem Sensitivity | ability | 4 |
| Near Vision | ability | 4 |
| Speech Recognition | ability | 4 |
| Monitoring | essential_skill | 3.88 |
| Information Ordering | ability | 3.88 |
| Administration and Management | knowledge | 3.6 |
| Time Management | transferable_skill | 3.38 |
| Psychology | knowledge | 3.36 |
| Negotiation | transferable_skill | 3.25 |
| Customer and Personal Service | knowledge | 3.25 |
| Category Flexibility | ability | 3.25 |
| Public Safety and Security | knowledge | 3.1 |
| Coordination | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Persuasion | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Instructing | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Service Orientation | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Systems Analysis | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Fluency of Ideas | ability | 3 |
| Originality | ability | 3 |
| Selective Attention | ability | 3 |
| Systems Evaluation | transferable_skill | 2.88 |
| Management of Personnel Resources | transferable_skill | 2.88 |

## Skills

| Name | Type |
| --- | --- |
| Active Listening | Common Skill |
| Critical Thinking | Common Skill |
| Deductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| English Language | Common Skill |
| Reading Comprehension | Common Skill |
| Inductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Writing | Common Skill |
| Complex Problem Solving | Common Skill |
| Speech Recognition | Specialized Skill |
| Social Perceptiveness | Common Skill |
| Active Learning | Common Skill |
| Information Ordering | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Outlook | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Excel | Common Skill |
| Time Management | Common Skill |
| Psychology | Specialized Skill |
| Negotiation | Common Skill |
| Systems Analysis | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Word | Common Skill |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Common Skill |
| Instructing | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Acrobat | Specialized Skill |
| Learning Strategies | Specialized Skill |
| Mathematics | Common Skill |
| Visualization | Specialized Skill |
| Online Databases | Specialized Skill |
| LinkedIn | Specialized Skill |
| LexisNexis | Specialized Skill |
| Email Software | Specialized Skill |
| Telecommunications | Specialized Skill |
| Foreign Language | Common Skill |
| Geography | Specialized Skill |
| Finger Dexterity | Common Skill |
| Chemistry | Specialized Skill |
| Biology | Specialized Skill |
| Physics | Specialized Skill |
| Presentation Software | Specialized Skill |
| Installation | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Selection | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Maintenance | Specialized Skill |

## Tools

| Example | Category | Hot | In Demand |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Microsoft Excel | Spreadsheet software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Office software | Office suite software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Outlook | Electronic mail software | yes | yes |
| Adobe Acrobat | Document management software | yes | no |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Presentation software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Word | Word processing software | yes | no |
| Courtroom scheduling software | Legal management software | no | no |
| Email software | Electronic mail software | no | no |
| Hyland OnBase Enterprise Content Management | Document management software | no | no |
| LexisNexis | Information retrieval or search software | no | no |
| LinkedIn | Web page creation and editing software | no | no |
| Online databases | Data base user interface and query software | no | no |
| Thomson Reuters Westlaw | Information retrieval or search software | no | no |
| Videoconferencing software | Video conferencing software | no | no |
| Web browser software | Internet browser software | no | no |

## Work Context

| Name | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Indoors, Environmentally Controlled | 5 |
| Freedom to Make Decisions | 4.99 |
| Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals | 4.91 |
| Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams | 4.89 |
| Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results | 4.89 |
| E-Mail | 4.85 |
| Spend Time Sitting | 4.79 |
| Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team | 4.75 |
| Importance of Being Exact or Accurate | 4.75 |
| Time Pressure | 4.73 |
| Contact With Others | 4.68 |
| Deal With External Customers or the Public in General | 4.68 |
| Conflict Situations | 4.68 |
| Frequency of Decision Making | 4.61 |
| Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities | 4.41 |
| Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People | 4.31 |
| Public Speaking | 4.24 |
| Telephone Conversations | 4.24 |
| Written Letters and Memos | 4.21 |
| Consequence of Error | 3.65 |
| Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers | 3.6 |
| Physical Proximity | 3.43 |
| Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People | 3.37 |
| Importance of Repeating Same Tasks | 3.31 |
| Level of Competition | 3.1 |
| Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions | 2.68 |
| Health and Safety of Other Workers | 2.66 |
| Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable | 2.38 |
| Degree of Automation | 2.13 |
| Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls | 1.95 |
| In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment | 1.87 |
| Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures | 1.7 |
| Exposed to Disease or Infections | 1.64 |
| Spend Time Standing | 1.59 |
| Spend Time Walking or Running | 1.36 |
| Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled | 1.31 |
| Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions | 1.31 |
| Exposed to Contaminants | 1.28 |
| Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions | 1.22 |
| Outdoors, Under Cover | 1.21 |

## Preparation

- **Job Zone:** 5
- **Job Zone Name:** Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed
- **Education:** Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).
- **Experience:** Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.
- **Svp Range:** (8.0 and above)

### Education Distribution

| Label | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Doctoral Degree | 66.47 |
| First Professional Degree | 23.29 |
| Post-Doctoral Training | 9.77 |
| Post-Secondary Certificate | 0.16 |
| Some College Courses | 0.16 |
| Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree) | 0.16 |

## Person Fit

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dependability | work_style | 9 |
| Attention to Detail | work_style | 8 |
| Integrity | work_style | 7 |
| Law | specific_interest_area | 6.85 |
| Cautiousness | work_style | 6 |
| Enterprising | career_interest_type | 5.27 |
| Public Speaking | specific_interest_area | 5.1 |
| Intellectual Curiosity | work_style | 5 |
| Management/Administration | specific_interest_area | 4.69 |
| Conventional | career_interest_type | 4.11 |
| Self-Control | work_style | 4 |
| Social | career_interest_type | 3.96 |
| Investigative | career_interest_type | 3.81 |
| Social Science | specific_interest_area | 3.08 |
| Stress Tolerance | work_style | 3 |
| Protective Service | specific_interest_area | 2.98 |

## Related Roles

| Soc Code | Slug | Title | Tier |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23-1021.00 | role-23-1021-00 | Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | Primary-Short |
| 23-1012.00 | role-23-1012-00 | Judicial Law Clerks | Primary-Short |
| 23-1011.00 | role-23-1011-00 | Lawyers | Primary-Short |
| 23-1022.00 | role-23-1022-00 | Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators | Primary-Short |
| 21-1092.00 | role-21-1092-00 | Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists | Primary-Short |
| 13-1041.03 | role-13-1041-03 | Equal Opportunity Representatives and Officers | Primary-Long |
| 23-2011.00 | role-23-2011-00 | Paralegals and Legal Assistants | Primary-Long |
| 33-3021.00 | role-33-3021-00 | Detectives and Criminal Investigators | Primary-Long |
| 25-1111.00 | role-25-1111-00 | Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary | Primary-Long |
| 25-1112.00 | role-25-1112-00 | Law Teachers, Postsecondary | Primary-Long |
| 33-3011.00 | role-33-3011-00 | Bailiffs | Supplemental |
| 43-4031.00 | role-43-4031-00 | Court, Municipal, and License Clerks | Supplemental |

## Career Clusters

| Cluster | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Public Service & Safety | public-service-safety |

## Education Level

- **Category:** Doctoral or professional degree

## Study Programs

| Title | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Legal Professions and Studies | legal-professions-and-studies |

## Market

- **Median Wage:** 156210
- **Mean Wage:** 143110
- **Pct10Wage:** 46520
- **Pct25Wage:** 86060
- **Pct75Wage:** 189890
- **Pct90Wage:** 216540
- **Employment:** 25580
- **Area Title:** U.S.

## Industries


### Top


### Concentrated


## Ai Signals

| Source | Label | Score | Scale | Release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frey_osborne | Computerization probability | 0.4 | 0-1 probability | 2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot |
| felten_aioe | AI occupational exposure | 1.496494 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_image_generation_aioe | Image generation occupational exposure | 0.8351227 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_language_modeling_aioe | Language modeling occupational exposure | 1.646266 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |

## Ai Outlook


### Index

- **Value:** 63
- **Percentile:** 62
- **Band:** Moderate
- **Version:** ai-exposure-index-v1

#### Components

| Percentile | Source |
| --- | --- |
| 99 | felten_aioe |
| 69 | openai_gpts_are_gpts |
| 21 | microsoft_working_with_ai |
- **Component Count:** 3

### Exposure

| Source | Label | Value | Percentile | Band | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| felten_aioe | Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) | 1.496494 | 99 | High | How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss. |
| eloundou_gamma | LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) | 0.8333333333333333 | 69 | High | Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank. |
| microsoft_applicability | AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) | 0.07632906331741095 | 21 | Low | How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement. |

### Frey Historical

- **Source:** frey
- **Label:** Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)
- **Value:** 0.4
- **Percentile:** 44
- **Band:** Moderate
- **Note:** A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
- **Teleworkable:** no

### Eloundou

- **Alpha:** 0
- **Beta:** 0.41666666666666663
- **Gamma:** 0.8333333333333333

### Usage Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Importance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues. | 0.018692817438960764 | 4.52 |
| Write decisions on cases. | 0.009654532083858854 | 4.61 |
| Provide information regarding the judicial system or other legal issues through the media and public speeches. | 0.002978525855658583 | 2.94 |
| Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues. | 0.0023622791269016347 | 4.6 |
| Advise attorneys, juries, litigants, and court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings. | 0.0023622791269016347 | 4.55 |
- **Usage Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

### Bls

- **Growth Percent:** 2.5
- **Growth Percentile:** 47
- **Direction:** About average
- **Annual Openings Thousands:** 0.9
- **Annual Openings Percentile:** 14
- **Employment2024Thousands:** 27.3
- **Employment2034Thousands:** 28

### Sources

| Source | Version |
| --- | --- |
| bls_employment_projections | 2024-2034 |
| dingel_neiman | dingel-neiman-workathome |
| felten_aioe | felten-raj-seamans-aioe |
| frey_osborne | frey-osborne-automation |
| microsoft_working_with_ai | working-with-ai |
| openai_gpts_are_gpts | gpts-are-gpts |

## Ai Playbook

- **Trusted Task Count:** 3
- **Task Count:** 4
- **Total Sample:** 284
- **Autonomy Median:** 3
- **Dominant Collaboration:** directive
- **Automation Share:** 54.1
- **Augmentation Share:** 33.21
- **Work Use Percent:** 64.93

### Collaboration

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| directive | 54.1 |
| task iteration | 18.28 |
| learning | 14.93 |

### Use Case

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| work | 64.93 |
| coursework | 17.54 |
| personal | 12.31 |

### Delegated Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Collaboration | Autonomy Median | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues. | 0.014001750218777347 | directive | 3 | 140 |
| Write decisions on cases. | 0.00750093761720215 | directive | 3 | 75 |
| Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues. | 0.005300662582822853 | directive | 3 | 53 |

### Boundary Tasks

| Task | Human Needed Percent | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Write decisions on cases. | 96 | 75 |
| Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues. | 92.45283018867924 | 53 |
| Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues. | 91.42857142857143 | 140 |

### Seed Prompts

| Prompt | Collaboration |
| --- | --- |
| Do this for me: research legal issues and write opinions on the issues. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust. | directive |
| Do this for me: write decisions on cases. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust. | directive |
| Do this for me: read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust. | directive |
- **Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

## Counts

- **Tasks:** 21
- **Skills:** 41
- **Capabilities:** 120
- **Tools:** 15
- **Related Roles:** 20

## Source

- **Dataset:** gold.onet_role_starter_surface
- **Version:** 30.3
- **Generated At:** 2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00
- **Content Hash:** bd2aef33177c532c