# Judicial Law Clerks

> Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents.
- **Entity Type:** role
- **Schema Version:** role.v1
- **Soc Code:** 23-1012.00
- **Summary:** Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents.

## Aliases

- Judicial Assistant
- Judicial Clerk
- Judicial Law Clerk
- Law Clerk
- Appellate Law Clerk
- Career Judicial Law Clerk
- Career Law Clerk
- Law Researcher
- Pro Se Law Clerk
- Term Law Clerk
- Attorney Law Clerk
- Chancery Clerk

## Tasks

| Text | Type | Iwa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations. | Core | 4.A.3.b.6.b |
| Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.e |
| Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations. | Core | 4.A.3.b.6.b |
| Confer with judges concerning legal questions, construction of documents, or granting of orders. | Core | 4.A.4.a.2.i |
| Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.e |
| Keep abreast of changes in the law and inform judges when cases are affected by such changes. | Core | 4.A.4.a.2.i |
| Attend court sessions to hear oral arguments or record necessary case information. | Core | 4.A.3.b.6.b |
| Enter information into computerized court calendar, filing, or case management systems. | Supplemental | 4.A.3.b.1.f |
| Verify that all files, complaints, or other papers are available and in the proper order. | Supplemental | 4.A.3.b.6.n |
| Review dockets of pending litigation to ensure adequate progress. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.e |
| Communicate with counsel regarding case management or procedural requirements. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.l |
| Respond to questions from judicial officers or court staff on general legal issues. | Core | 4.A.4.a.2.i |

## Emerging Tasks


## Activities

| Name | Iwa |
| --- | --- |
| Record information from legal proceedings. | 4.A.3.b.6.b |
| Direct courtroom activities or procedures. | 4.A.4.b.4.l |
| Confer with court staff to clarify information. | 4.A.4.a.2.i |
| Prepare documentation of legal proceedings. | 4.A.3.b.6.b |
| Prepare legal documents. | 4.A.3.b.6.n |
| Meet with individuals involved in legal processes to provide information and clarify issues. | 4.A.4.a.2.i |
| Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making. | 4.A.1.a.1.e |
| Identify implications for cases from legal precedents or other legal information. | 4.A.2.a.4.h |
| Evaluate information related to legal matters in public or personal records. | 4.A.1.a.1.e |
| Review documents or materials for compliance with policies or regulations. | 4.A.2.a.3.a |
| Maintain the order of legal documents. | 4.A.3.b.6.n |
| Coordinate legal schedules or activities. | 4.A.4.b.4.l |
| Enter information into databases or software programs. | 4.A.3.b.1.f |
| Enter codes or other information into computers. | 4.A.3.b.1.f |
| Administer oaths to court participants. | 4.A.4.c.1.b |
| Supervise activities of other legal personnel. | 4.A.4.b.4.a |

## Capabilities

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Law and Government | knowledge | 4.88 |
| Reading Comprehension | essential_skill | 4.5 |
| Written Comprehension | ability | 4.5 |
| English Language | knowledge | 4.45 |
| Active Listening | essential_skill | 4.25 |
| Critical Thinking | essential_skill | 4.25 |
| Oral Comprehension | ability | 4.25 |
| Written Expression | ability | 4.25 |
| Writing | essential_skill | 4.12 |
| Oral Expression | ability | 4.12 |
| Speaking | essential_skill | 4 |
| Inductive Reasoning | ability | 3.88 |
| Near Vision | ability | 3.88 |
| Speech Recognition | ability | 3.88 |
| Speech Clarity | ability | 3.88 |
| Active Learning | essential_skill | 3.75 |
| Problem Sensitivity | ability | 3.75 |
| Deductive Reasoning | ability | 3.75 |
| Information Ordering | ability | 3.75 |
| Complex Problem Solving | transferable_skill | 3.5 |
| Administrative | knowledge | 3.5 |
| Category Flexibility | ability | 3.5 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | transferable_skill | 3.25 |
| Time Management | transferable_skill | 3.25 |
| Learning Strategies | essential_skill | 3 |
| Monitoring | essential_skill | 3 |
| Social Perceptiveness | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Coordination | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Fluency of Ideas | ability | 3 |
| Selective Attention | ability | 3 |
| Computers and Electronics | knowledge | 2.88 |
| Far Vision | ability | 2.88 |
| Persuasion | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Negotiation | transferable_skill | 2.75 |
| Originality | ability | 2.75 |
| Flexibility of Closure | ability | 2.75 |
| Public Safety and Security | knowledge | 2.74 |
| Instructing | transferable_skill | 2.62 |
| Service Orientation | transferable_skill | 2.62 |
| Memorization | ability | 2.62 |

## Skills

| Name | Type |
| --- | --- |
| Reading Comprehension | Common Skill |
| English Language | Common Skill |
| Critical Thinking | Common Skill |
| Active Listening | Common Skill |
| Writing | Common Skill |
| Speech Recognition | Specialized Skill |
| Inductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Information Ordering | Specialized Skill |
| Deductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Active Learning | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Outlook | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Excel | Common Skill |
| Complex Problem Solving | Common Skill |
| Time Management | Common Skill |
| Social Perceptiveness | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Word | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Windows | Common Skill |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Access | Specialized Skill |
| Learning Strategies | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Acrobat | Specialized Skill |
| Negotiation | Common Skill |
| Instructing | Specialized Skill |
| Systems Analysis | Specialized Skill |
| LexisNexis | Specialized Skill |
| Visualization | Specialized Skill |
| Mathematics | Common Skill |
| Finger Dexterity | Common Skill |
| Psychology | Specialized Skill |
| Telecommunications | Specialized Skill |
| Geography | Specialized Skill |
| Foreign Language | Common Skill |
| Biology | Specialized Skill |
| Chemistry | Specialized Skill |
| Physics | Specialized Skill |
| Project Management Software | Specialized Skill |
| Presentation Software | Specialized Skill |
| Installation | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Selection | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Maintenance | Specialized Skill |

## Tools

| Example | Category | Hot | In Demand |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Microsoft Excel | Spreadsheet software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Office software | Office suite software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Outlook | Electronic mail software | yes | yes |
| Adobe Acrobat | Document management software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Access | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Presentation software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Windows | Operating system software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Word | Word processing software | yes | no |
| Thomson Reuters Westlaw | Information retrieval or search software | no | yes |
| Aderant CompuLaw | Calendar and scheduling software | no | no |
| Advanced Technologies Class Act | Project management software | no | no |
| American Legalnet eDockets | Calendar and scheduling software | no | no |
| American Legalnet Smart Dockets | Calendar and scheduling software | no | no |
| Canyon Solutions Jcats | Project management software | no | no |
| Compugov DocketView | Calendar and scheduling software | no | no |
| Corel WordPerfect Office Suite | Office suite software | no | no |
| Infocom JACS | Calendar and scheduling software | no | no |
| Justice Systems FullCourt Enterprise | Project management software | no | no |
| Legal Files software | Project management software | no | no |
| Levare Center Court | Calendar and scheduling software | no | no |
| LexisNexis | Information retrieval or search software | no | no |
| LexisNexis CourtLink Strategic Profiles | Analytical or scientific software | no | no |
| LexisNexis Lexis Advance | Information retrieval or search software | no | no |
| LexisNexis SmartLinx | Information retrieval or search software | no | no |
| New Dawn Technologies JustWare Court | Project management software | no | no |
| Oracle JavaServer Pages JSP | Web platform development software | no | no |
| Orion Law Management Systems Orion | Data base user interface and query software | no | no |
| PTS Solutions WinJuris Court Solutions | Data base user interface and query software | no | no |
| Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) | Information retrieval or search software | no | no |
| Syscon Court Clerk | Project management software | no | no |
| Thomson Reuters Elite ProLaw | Project management software | no | no |
| Thomson Reuters WestlawNext | Information retrieval or search software | no | no |
| Web browser software | Internet browser software | no | no |
| WordPerfect | Word processing software | no | no |

## Work Context

| Name | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Indoors, Environmentally Controlled | 4.91 |
| E-Mail | 4.87 |
| Importance of Being Exact or Accurate | 4.85 |
| Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams | 4.63 |
| Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results | 4.56 |
| Spend Time Sitting | 4.54 |
| Telephone Conversations | 4.4 |
| Written Letters and Memos | 4.26 |
| Contact With Others | 4.09 |
| Time Pressure | 4.07 |
| Frequency of Decision Making | 3.96 |
| Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals | 3.89 |
| Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team | 3.83 |
| Freedom to Make Decisions | 3.67 |
| Importance of Repeating Same Tasks | 3.5 |
| Deal With External Customers or the Public in General | 3.38 |
| Level of Competition | 3.3 |
| Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities | 3 |
| Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People | 2.93 |
| Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions | 2.79 |
| Consequence of Error | 2.72 |
| Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers | 2.55 |
| Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls | 2.55 |
| Physical Proximity | 2.49 |
| Conflict Situations | 2.41 |
| Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable | 2.13 |
| Spend Time Standing | 2.09 |
| Degree of Automation | 1.84 |
| Public Speaking | 1.81 |
| Spend Time Walking or Running | 1.76 |
| Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People | 1.59 |
| Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body | 1.29 |
| Health and Safety of Other Workers | 1.26 |
| Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions | 1.18 |
| Exposed to Contaminants | 1.11 |
| Exposed to Hazardous Conditions | 1.05 |
| Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings | 1.05 |
| Exposed to Disease or Infections | 1.03 |
| Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures | 1.02 |
| Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions | 1.02 |

## Preparation

- **Job Zone:** 5
- **Job Zone Name:** Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed
- **Education:** Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).
- **Experience:** Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.
- **Svp Range:** (8.0 and above)

### Education Distribution

| Label | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Doctoral Degree | 51.87 |
| First Professional Degree | 16.52 |
| High School Diploma | 7.16 |
| Post-Secondary Certificate | 2.18 |
| Master's Degree | 2.05 |

## Person Fit

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Law | specific_interest_area | 6.51 |
| Dependability | work_style | 6 |
| Conventional | career_interest_type | 5.1 |
| Attention to Detail | work_style | 5 |
| Enterprising | career_interest_type | 4.51 |
| Office Work | specific_interest_area | 4.37 |
| Investigative | career_interest_type | 4.01 |
| Integrity | work_style | 4 |
| Social | career_interest_type | 3.38 |
| Cautiousness | work_style | 3 |
| Management/Administration | specific_interest_area | 2.49 |
| Intellectual Curiosity | work_style | 2.37 |
| Humanities | specific_interest_area | 2.31 |
| Social Science | specific_interest_area | 2.24 |
| Achievement Orientation | work_style | 2.14 |
| Politics | specific_interest_area | 2.09 |

## Related Roles

| Soc Code | Slug | Title | Tier |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23-1011.00 | role-23-1011-00 | Lawyers | Primary-Short |
| 23-1023.00 | role-23-1023-00 | Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | Primary-Short |
| 23-1021.00 | role-23-1021-00 | Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | Primary-Short |
| 23-2011.00 | role-23-2011-00 | Paralegals and Legal Assistants | Primary-Short |
| 43-6012.00 | role-43-6012-00 | Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants | Primary-Short |
| 27-3092.00 | role-27-3092-00 | Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners | Primary-Long |
| 23-1022.00 | role-23-1022-00 | Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators | Primary-Long |
| 13-1041.03 | role-13-1041-03 | Equal Opportunity Representatives and Officers | Primary-Long |
| 25-1112.00 | role-25-1112-00 | Law Teachers, Postsecondary | Primary-Long |
| 13-2099.04 | role-13-2099-04 | Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts | Primary-Long |
| 43-4031.00 | role-43-4031-00 | Court, Municipal, and License Clerks | Supplemental |
| 23-2093.00 | role-23-2093-00 | Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | Supplemental |

## Career Clusters

| Cluster | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Public Service & Safety | public-service-safety |

## Education Level

- **Category:** Doctoral or professional degree

## Study Programs

| Title | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Legal Professions and Studies | legal-professions-and-studies |

## Market

- **Median Wage:** 60400
- **Mean Wage:** 69850
- **Pct10Wage:** 42000
- **Pct25Wage:** 49840
- **Pct75Wage:** 78060
- **Pct90Wage:** 113150
- **Employment:** 13220
- **Area Title:** U.S.

## Industries


### Top


### Concentrated


## Ai Signals

| Source | Label | Score | Scale | Release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frey_osborne | Computerization probability | 0.41 | 0-1 probability | 2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot |
| felten_aioe | AI occupational exposure | 1.462973 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_image_generation_aioe | Image generation occupational exposure | 0.9544917 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_language_modeling_aioe | Language modeling occupational exposure | 1.512581 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |

## Ai Outlook


### Index

- **Value:** 66
- **Percentile:** 66
- **Band:** Moderate
- **Version:** ai-exposure-index-v1

#### Components

| Percentile | Source |
| --- | --- |
| 99 | felten_aioe |
| 78 | openai_gpts_are_gpts |
| 20 | microsoft_working_with_ai |
- **Component Count:** 3

### Exposure

| Source | Label | Value | Percentile | Band | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| felten_aioe | Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) | 1.462973 | 99 | High | How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss. |
| eloundou_gamma | LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) | 0.896551724137931 | 78 | High | Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank. |
| microsoft_applicability | AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) | 0.07385649952515447 | 20 | Low | How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement. |

### Frey Historical

- **Source:** frey
- **Label:** Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)
- **Value:** 0.41
- **Percentile:** 44
- **Band:** Moderate
- **Note:** A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
- **Teleworkable:** yes

### Eloundou

- **Alpha:** 0.13793103448275862
- **Beta:** 0.5172413793103449
- **Gamma:** 0.896551724137931

### Usage Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Importance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations. | 0.02464986915027793 | 4.85 |
| Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court. | 0.013968259185157494 | 4.84 |
| Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations. | 0.012324934575138965 | 4.81 |
| Respond to questions from judicial officers or court staff on general legal issues. | 0.007703084109461853 | 3.25 |
| Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief. | 0.002978525855658583 | 4.64 |
- **Usage Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

### Bls

- **Growth Percent:** 2.5
- **Growth Percentile:** 47
- **Direction:** About average
- **Annual Openings Thousands:** 1
- **Annual Openings Percentile:** 15
- **Employment2024Thousands:** 14.5
- **Employment2034Thousands:** 14.9

### Sources

| Source | Version |
| --- | --- |
| bls_employment_projections | 2024-2034 |
| dingel_neiman | dingel-neiman-workathome |
| felten_aioe | felten-raj-seamans-aioe |
| frey_osborne | frey-osborne-automation |
| microsoft_working_with_ai | working-with-ai |
| openai_gpts_are_gpts | gpts-are-gpts |

## Ai Playbook

- **Trusted Task Count:** 4
- **Task Count:** 4
- **Total Sample:** 266
- **Autonomy Median:** 3
- **Dominant Collaboration:** directive
- **Automation Share:** 45.11
- **Augmentation Share:** 40.6
- **Work Use Percent:** 74.44

### Collaboration

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| directive | 45.11 |
| task iteration | 25.56 |
| validation | 9.4 |
| learning | 5.64 |

### Use Case

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| work | 74.44 |
| personal | 6.77 |

### Delegated Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Collaboration | Autonomy Median | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations. | 0.010801350168771096 | directive | 3 | 108 |
| Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief. | 0.006000750093761721 | directive | 3 | 60 |
| Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations. | 0.004900612576572072 | directive | 3 | 49 |
| Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court. | 0.004900612576572072 | directive | 2 | 49 |

### Boundary Tasks

| Task | Human Needed Percent | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief. | 98.33333333333333 | 60 |
| Research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court. | 97.95918367346938 | 49 |
| Draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations. | 95.91836734693877 | 49 |
| Prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations. | 85.18518518518519 | 108 |

### Seed Prompts

| Prompt | Collaboration |
| --- | --- |
| Do this for me: prepare briefs, legal memoranda, or statements of issues involved in cases, including appropriate suggestions or recommendations. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust. | directive |
| Do this for me: review complaints, petitions, motions, or pleadings that have been filed to determine issues involved or basis for relief. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust. | directive |
| Do this for me: draft or proofread judicial opinions, decisions, or citations. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust. | directive |
| Do this for me: research laws, court decisions, documents, opinions, briefs, or other information related to cases before the court. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust. | directive |
- **Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

## Counts

- **Tasks:** 18
- **Skills:** 41
- **Capabilities:** 120
- **Tools:** 34
- **Related Roles:** 20

## Source

- **Dataset:** gold.onet_role_starter_surface
- **Version:** 30.3
- **Generated At:** 2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00
- **Content Hash:** 4ab1a80d9ab8b1d1