entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-19-2099-00"
socCode = "19-2099.00"
title = "Physical Scientists, All Other"
summary = "All physical scientists not listed separately."
aliases = ["Inventor", "Physical Scientist", "Research Scientist", "Wood Technologist"]
tasks = []
emergingTasks = []
activities = []
capabilities = []
skills = []
tools = []
workContext = []
personFit = []
relatedRoles = []

[preparation]
educationDistribution = []

[educationLevel]
category = "Bachelor's degree"
slug = "bachelor-s-degree"

[market]
medianWage = 117960
meanWage = 123070
pct10Wage = 61990
pct25Wage = 82450
pct75Wage = 154900
pct90Wage = 191880
employment = 22580
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 14

[[industries.top]]
naics = "54"
slug = "54"
title = "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 4280
medianWage = 121490
lq = 2.71

[[industries.top]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 3700
medianWage = 80130
lq = 1.85

[[industries.top]]
naics = "31-33"
slug = "31-33"
title = "Manufacturing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 1300
medianWage = 145640
lq = 0.7

[[industries.top]]
naics = "541330"
slug = "541330"
title = "Engineering Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 530
medianWage = 79160
lq = 3.13

[[industries.top]]
naics = "55"
slug = "55"
title = "Management of Companies and Enterprises"
level = "Sector"
employment = 490
medianWage = 168290
lq = 1.19

[[industries.top]]
naics = "56"
slug = "56"
title = "Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 220
medianWage = 122660
lq = 0.17

[[industries.top]]
naics = "22"
slug = "22"
title = "Utilities"
level = "Sector"
employment = 120
medianWage = 101560
lq = 1.41

[[industries.top]]
naics = "541380"
slug = "541380"
title = "Testing Laboratories and Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 100
medianWage = 83200
lq = 4.01

[[industries.top]]
naics = "561320"
slug = "561320"
title = "Temporary Help Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 70
medianWage = 100540

[[industries.top]]
naics = "221112"
slug = "221112"
title = "Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation"
level = "National industry"
employment = 50
medianWage = 114750

[[industries.top]]
naics = "62"
slug = "62"
title = "Health Care and Social Assistance"
level = "Sector"
employment = 40
medianWage = 90920

[[industries.top]]
naics = "81"
slug = "81"
title = "Other Services (except Public Administration)"
level = "Sector"
employment = 40
medianWage = 114790

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "541380"
slug = "541380"
title = "Testing Laboratories and Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 100
lq = 4.01

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "541330"
slug = "541330"
title = "Engineering Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 530
lq = 3.13

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "54"
slug = "54"
title = "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 4280
lq = 2.71

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 3700
lq = 1.85

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "22"
slug = "22"
title = "Utilities"
level = "Sector"
employment = 120
lq = 1.41

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "55"
slug = "55"
title = "Management of Companies and Enterprises"
level = "Sector"
employment = 490
lq = 1.19

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "31-33"
slug = "31-33"
title = "Manufacturing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 1300
lq = 0.7

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "56"
slug = "56"
title = "Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 220
lq = 0.17

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = true
usageTasks = []

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 73
percentile = 74
band = "High"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 80
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 80
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 59
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.43
percentile = 45
band = "Moderate"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0
beta = 0.45652173913043476
gamma = 0.9130434782608695

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 0.6
growthPercentile = 29
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 2
annualOpeningsPercentile = 27
employment2024Thousands = 31.9
employment2034Thousands = 32.1

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = 1.140157
percentile = 80
band = "High"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.9130434782608695
percentile = 80
band = "High"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.16995252347154827
percentile = 59
band = "Moderate"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[counts]
tasks = 0
skills = 0
capabilities = 0
tools = 0
relatedRoles = 0

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "d6cd2e1abc218d13"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Energy & Natural Resources"
slug = "energy-natural-resources"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies"
slug = "multi-interdisciplinary-studies"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Physical Sciences"
slug = "physical-sciences"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.43
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = 1.140157
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = 1.583537
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = 0.9125224
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
