entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-19-2011-00"
socCode = "19-2011.00"
title = "Astronomers"
summary = "Observe, research, and interpret astronomical phenomena to increase basic knowledge or apply such information to practical problems."
aliases = ["Astronomer", "Astronomy Outreach Coordinator", "Astrophysicist", "Research Astrophysicist", "Cosmologist", "Extragalactic Astronomer", "Galactic Astronomer", "High-Energy Astrophysicist", "Institute Scientist", "Optical Astronomer", "Planetary Astronomer", "Postdoc Scientist (Postdoctoral Scientist)"]

[preparation]
jobZone = "5"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed"
education = "Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree)."
experience = "Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job."
svpRange = "(8.0 and above)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Doctoral Degree"
percentage = 65.22

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Post-Doctoral Training"
percentage = 26.09

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Master's Degree"
percentage = 8.7

[educationLevel]
category = "Doctoral or professional degree"
slug = "doctoral-or-professional-degree"

[market]
medianWage = 132170
meanWage = 134430
pct10Wage = 70730
pct25Wage = 94990
pct75Wage = 177690
pct90Wage = 191880
employment = 1560
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 2

[[industries.top]]
naics = "54"
slug = "54"
title = "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 660
medianWage = 128450
lq = 6.06

[[industries.top]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 370
medianWage = 95460
lq = 2.68

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "54"
slug = "54"
title = "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 660
lq = 6.06

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 370
lq = 2.68

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = true
usageRelease = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 82
percentile = 87
band = "High"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 94
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 67
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 85
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.041
percentile = 22
band = "Low"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0.0625
beta = 0.4375
gamma = 0.8125

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 2.2
growthPercentile = 43
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 0.1
annualOpeningsPercentile = 1
employment2024Thousands = 1.8
employment2034Thousands = 1.8

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = 1.373737
percentile = 94
band = "High"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.8125
percentile = 67
band = "High"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.2810275603968572
percentile = 85
band = "High"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Develop and modify astronomy-related programs for public presentation."
usagePercent = 0.09449116507606539
importance = 3.52

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers."
usagePercent = 0.07127920495955367
importance = 4.7

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Review scientific proposals and research papers."
usagePercent = 0.04365080995361716
importance = 3.83

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers."
usagePercent = 0.03194212210723515
importance = 4.09

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis."
usagePercent = 0.02290383675213324
importance = 3.95

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Calculate orbits and determine sizes, shapes, brightness, and motions of different celestial bodies."
usagePercent = 0.02033614204897929
importance = 3.3

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[aiPlaybook]
trustedTaskCount = 8
taskCount = 8
totalSample = 906
autonomyMedian = 4
dominantCollaboration = "learning"
automationShare = 27.16
augmentationShare = 59.27
workUsePercent = 18.54
release = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "learning"
percent = 38.85

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "directive"
percent = 22.41

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "task iteration"
percent = 12.25

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "validation"
percent = 8.17

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "feedback loop"
percent = 4.75

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "personal"
percent = 42.94

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "coursework"
percent = 32.67

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "work"
percent = 18.54

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Review scientific proposals and research papers."
usagePercent = 0.01630203775471934
collaboration = "validation"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 163

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers."
usagePercent = 0.013401675209401175
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 3
sampleCount = 134

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Calculate orbits and determine sizes, shapes, brightness, and motions of different celestial bodies."
usagePercent = 0.01310163770471309
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 3
sampleCount = 131

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Develop and modify astronomy-related programs for public presentation."
usagePercent = 0.012401550193774221
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 3
sampleCount = 124

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers."
usagePercent = 0.012301537692211527
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 123

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis."
usagePercent = 0.011301412676584573
collaboration = "directive"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 113

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Study celestial phenomena, using a variety of ground-based and space-borne telescopes and scientific instruments."
usagePercent = 0.008301037629703713
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 83

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Present research findings at scientific conferences and in papers written for scientific journals."
usagePercent = 0.003500437554694337
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 35

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Study celestial phenomena, using a variety of ground-based and space-borne telescopes and scientific instruments."
humanNeededPercent = 96.3855421686747
sampleCount = 83

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Develop and modify astronomy-related programs for public presentation."
humanNeededPercent = 95.96774193548387
sampleCount = 124

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers."
humanNeededPercent = 92.6829268292683
sampleCount = 123

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Calculate orbits and determine sizes, shapes, brightness, and motions of different celestial bodies."
humanNeededPercent = 90.07633587786259
sampleCount = 131

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Review scientific proposals and research papers."
humanNeededPercent = 89.57055214723927
sampleCount = 163

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Present research findings at scientific conferences and in papers written for scientific journals."
humanNeededPercent = 85.71428571428571
sampleCount = 35

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "I'm going to review scientific proposals and research papers. Review what I produce and flag anything wrong or missing."
collaboration = "validation"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to calculate orbits and determine sizes, shapes, brightness, and motions of different celestial bodies, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to develop and modify astronomy-related programs for public presentation, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[counts]
tasks = 17
skills = 37
capabilities = 120
tools = 38
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "003746e5fc3eaf7f"

[[tasks]]
text = "Analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.g"

[[tasks]]
text = "Present research findings at scientific conferences and in papers written for scientific journals."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Study celestial phenomena, using a variety of ground-based and space-borne telescopes and scientific instruments."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.e"

[[tasks]]
text = "Collaborate with other astronomers to carry out research projects."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.a.2.b"

[[tasks]]
text = "Mentor graduate students and junior colleagues."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.2.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Supervise students' research on celestial and astronomical phenomena."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Teach astronomy or astrophysics."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.3.b"

[[tasks]]
text = "Develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.u"

[[tasks]]
text = "Measure radio, infrared, gamma, and x-ray emissions from extraterrestrial sources."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.a.2.i"

[[tasks]]
text = "Develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.b"

[[tasks]]
text = "Review scientific proposals and research papers."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.3.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Raise funds for scientific research."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.g"

[[emergingTasks]]
text = "Write and review scientific proposals and research papers."

[[activities]]
name = "Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.3.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Serve on institutional or departmental committees."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Support the professional development of others."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.2.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Advise students on academic or career matters."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.6.g"

[[activities]]
name = "Supervise student research or internship work."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Provide technical information or assistance to public."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.3.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Direct scientific activities."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.e"

[[activities]]
name = "Analyze operational or research data."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.g"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Measure environmental characteristics."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.2.i"

[[activities]]
name = "Measure radiation levels."
iwa = "4.A.1.b.3.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Develop theories or models of physical phenomena."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.u"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare proposals or grant applications to obtain project funding."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.g"

[[activities]]
name = "Collaborate on research activities with scientists or technical specialists."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.2.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Develop software or applications for scientific or technical use."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Instruct college students in physical or life sciences."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.3.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Apply mathematical principles or statistical approaches to solve problems in scientific or applied fields."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.d"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Physics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.96

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.91

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Science"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Computers and Electronics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.17

[[capabilities]]
name = "Writing"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "English Language"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.04

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Listening"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speaking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Learning"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematical Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Number Facility"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Flexibility of Closure"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Clarity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Fluency of Ideas"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Originality"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Far Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Judgment and Decision Making"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Category Flexibility"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Selective Attention"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Monitoring"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
family = "ability"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Education and Training"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.35

[[capabilities]]
name = "Engineering and Technology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.22

[[capabilities]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Coordination"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Perceptual Speed"
family = "ability"
value = 3.12

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Word"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Excel"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Linux"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Apache Hadoop"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Geography"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Psychology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Presentation Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Installation"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "C"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "C++"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Python"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "The MathWorks MATLAB"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Apache Hadoop"
category = "Data base management system software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "IBM SPSS Statistics"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Linux"
category = "Operating system software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Excel"
category = "Spreadsheet software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Office software"
category = "Office suite software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
category = "Presentation software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Word"
category = "Word processing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Oracle Java"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "R"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "SAS"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Structured query language SQL"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Abstraction plus reference plus synthesis A++"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Adaptive optics AO simulation software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Analyze"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Astronomical Image Processing for Windows AIP4WIN"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Astronomical Image Processing System AIPS"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Astronomical information processing system AIPS++"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Avis Fits Viewer"
category = "Graphics or photo imaging software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Data reduction software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Diffraction Limited MaxIm DL"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "European Southern Observatory Munich Image Data Analysis System ESO-MIDAS"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Formula translation/translator FORTRAN"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Fortran"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Interface definition language IDL"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "IRIS"
category = "Graphics or photo imaging software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "MSB Software Astroart"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Multipurpose Interactive Image Processing System MIIPS"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "National Instruments LabVIEW"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Software Bisque CCDSoft"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Software development tools"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Spectroscopy databases"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Starcal"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Visual Numerics PV-WAVE"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Web browser software"
category = "Internet browser software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "E-Mail"
value = 4.91

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 4.83

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 4.74

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Sitting"
value = 4.35

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 4.26

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 4.14

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Environmentally Controlled"
value = 4.13

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 4.13

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 4

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 3.57

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 3.3

[[workContext]]
name = "Telephone Conversations"
value = 3.13

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 2.91

[[workContext]]
name = "Public Speaking"
value = 2.83

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 2.78

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 2.78

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 2.7

[[workContext]]
name = "Written Letters and Memos"
value = 2.48

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 2.3

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 2.3

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 2.17

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 2.09

[[workContext]]
name = "Deal With External Customers or the Public in General"
value = 2.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 2.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 2.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Degree of Automation"
value = 1.87

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 1.83

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled"
value = 1.78

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People"
value = 1.74

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions"
value = 1.7

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Under Cover"
value = 1.65

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 1.61

[[workContext]]
name = "In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment"
value = 1.57

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable"
value = 1.52

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures"
value = 1.52

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 1.52

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to High Places"
value = 1.41

[[workContext]]
name = "Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment"
value = 1.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions"
value = 1.35

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions"
value = 1.35

[[personFit]]
name = "Investigative"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 7

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 7

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 7

[[personFit]]
name = "Mathematics/Statistics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.23

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 6

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 5.07

[[personFit]]
name = "Integrity"
family = "work_style"
value = 5

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 4.04

[[personFit]]
name = "Intellectual Curiosity"
family = "work_style"
value = 4

[[personFit]]
name = "Engineering"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 3.75

[[personFit]]
name = "Information Technology"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 3.62

[[personFit]]
name = "Teaching/Education"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 3.45

[[personFit]]
name = "Artistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.28

[[personFit]]
name = "Public Speaking"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 3.24

[[personFit]]
name = "Mechanics/Electronics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 3.07

[[personFit]]
name = "Achievement Orientation"
family = "work_style"
value = 3

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-2012.00"
slug = "role-19-2012-00"
title = "Physicists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "15-2021.00"
slug = "role-15-2021-00"
title = "Mathematicians"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "25-1054.00"
slug = "role-25-1054-00"
title = "Physics Teachers, Postsecondary"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-2042.00"
slug = "role-19-2042-00"
title = "Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-1021.00"
slug = "role-19-1021-00"
title = "Biochemists and Biophysicists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "25-1051.00"
slug = "role-25-1051-00"
title = "Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-2021.00"
slug = "role-19-2021-00"
title = "Atmospheric and Space Scientists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "15-2051.00"
slug = "role-15-2051-00"
title = "Data Scientists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2199.09"
slug = "role-17-2199-09"
title = "Nanosystems Engineers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-1029.01"
slug = "role-19-1029-01"
title = "Bioinformatics Scientists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "15-1221.00"
slug = "role-15-1221-00"
title = "Computer and Information Research Scientists"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "15-2041.00"
slug = "role-15-2041-00"
title = "Statisticians"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Public Service & Safety"
slug = "public-service-safety"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Physical Sciences"
slug = "physical-sciences"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.041
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = 1.373737
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = 2.128327
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = 1.034772
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
