{
  "entityType": "role",
  "schemaVersion": "role.v1",
  "slug": "role-19-2011-00",
  "socCode": "19-2011.00",
  "title": "Astronomers",
  "summary": "Observe, research, and interpret astronomical phenomena to increase basic knowledge or apply such information to practical problems.",
  "aliases": [
    "Astronomer",
    "Astronomy Outreach Coordinator",
    "Astrophysicist",
    "Research Astrophysicist",
    "Cosmologist",
    "Extragalactic Astronomer",
    "Galactic Astronomer",
    "High-Energy Astrophysicist",
    "Institute Scientist",
    "Optical Astronomer",
    "Planetary Astronomer",
    "Postdoc Scientist (Postdoctoral Scientist)"
  ],
  "tasks": [
    {
      "text": "Analyze research data to determine its significance, using computers.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.a.4.g"
    },
    {
      "text": "Present research findings at scientific conferences and in papers written for scientific journals.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.3.b.6.c"
    },
    {
      "text": "Study celestial phenomena, using a variety of ground-based and space-borne telescopes and scientific instruments.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.4.e"
    },
    {
      "text": "Collaborate with other astronomers to carry out research projects.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.a.2.b"
    },
    {
      "text": "Mentor graduate students and junior colleagues.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.2.a"
    },
    {
      "text": "Supervise students' research on celestial and astronomical phenomena.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.4.a"
    },
    {
      "text": "Teach astronomy or astrophysics.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.3.b"
    },
    {
      "text": "Develop theories based on personal observations or on observations and theories of other astronomers.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.b.2.u"
    },
    {
      "text": "Measure radio, infrared, gamma, and x-ray emissions from extraterrestrial sources.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.1.a.2.i"
    },
    {
      "text": "Develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.b.2.b"
    },
    {
      "text": "Review scientific proposals and research papers.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.b.3.a"
    },
    {
      "text": "Raise funds for scientific research.",
      "type": "Core",
      "iwa": "4.A.3.b.6.g"
    }
  ],
  "emergingTasks": [
    {
      "text": "Write and review scientific proposals and research papers."
    }
  ],
  "activities": [
    {
      "name": "Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge.",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.b.3.a"
    },
    {
      "name": "Serve on institutional or departmental committees.",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.4.b"
    },
    {
      "name": "Support the professional development of others.",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.2.a"
    },
    {
      "name": "Advise students on academic or career matters.",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.6.g"
    },
    {
      "name": "Supervise student research or internship work.",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.4.a"
    },
    {
      "name": "Provide technical information or assistance to public.",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.a.3.b"
    },
    {
      "name": "Direct scientific activities.",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.4.e"
    },
    {
      "name": "Analyze operational or research data.",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.a.4.g"
    },
    {
      "name": "Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.",
      "iwa": "4.A.3.b.6.c"
    },
    {
      "name": "Measure environmental characteristics.",
      "iwa": "4.A.1.a.2.i"
    },
    {
      "name": "Measure radiation levels.",
      "iwa": "4.A.1.b.3.a"
    },
    {
      "name": "Develop theories or models of physical phenomena.",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.b.2.u"
    },
    {
      "name": "Prepare proposals or grant applications to obtain project funding.",
      "iwa": "4.A.3.b.6.g"
    },
    {
      "name": "Collaborate on research activities with scientists or technical specialists.",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.a.2.b"
    },
    {
      "name": "Develop software or applications for scientific or technical use.",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.b.2.b"
    },
    {
      "name": "Instruct college students in physical or life sciences.",
      "iwa": "4.A.4.b.3.b"
    },
    {
      "name": "Apply mathematical principles or statistical approaches to solve problems in scientific or applied fields.",
      "iwa": "4.A.2.a.4.d"
    }
  ],
  "capabilities": [
    {
      "name": "Physics",
      "family": "knowledge",
      "value": 4.96
    },
    {
      "name": "Mathematics",
      "family": "knowledge",
      "value": 4.91
    },
    {
      "name": "Reading Comprehension",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 4.25
    },
    {
      "name": "Science",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 4.25
    },
    {
      "name": "Computers and Electronics",
      "family": "knowledge",
      "value": 4.17
    },
    {
      "name": "Writing",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Mathematics",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Critical Thinking",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Oral Comprehension",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Written Comprehension",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Oral Expression",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Written Expression",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Deductive Reasoning",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Inductive Reasoning",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 4.12
    },
    {
      "name": "English Language",
      "family": "knowledge",
      "value": 4.04
    },
    {
      "name": "Active Listening",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 4
    },
    {
      "name": "Speaking",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 4
    },
    {
      "name": "Active Learning",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 4
    },
    {
      "name": "Mathematical Reasoning",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 4
    },
    {
      "name": "Number Facility",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 4
    },
    {
      "name": "Information Ordering",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.88
    },
    {
      "name": "Flexibility of Closure",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.88
    },
    {
      "name": "Near Vision",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.88
    },
    {
      "name": "Speech Clarity",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.88
    },
    {
      "name": "Learning Strategies",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 3.75
    },
    {
      "name": "Fluency of Ideas",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.75
    },
    {
      "name": "Originality",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.75
    },
    {
      "name": "Far Vision",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.75
    },
    {
      "name": "Judgment and Decision Making",
      "family": "transferable_skill",
      "value": 3.62
    },
    {
      "name": "Problem Sensitivity",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.62
    },
    {
      "name": "Category Flexibility",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.62
    },
    {
      "name": "Complex Problem Solving",
      "family": "transferable_skill",
      "value": 3.5
    },
    {
      "name": "Selective Attention",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.5
    },
    {
      "name": "Monitoring",
      "family": "essential_skill",
      "value": 3.38
    },
    {
      "name": "Speech Recognition",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.38
    },
    {
      "name": "Education and Training",
      "family": "knowledge",
      "value": 3.35
    },
    {
      "name": "Engineering and Technology",
      "family": "knowledge",
      "value": 3.22
    },
    {
      "name": "Social Perceptiveness",
      "family": "transferable_skill",
      "value": 3.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Coordination",
      "family": "transferable_skill",
      "value": 3.12
    },
    {
      "name": "Perceptual Speed",
      "family": "ability",
      "value": 3.12
    }
  ],
  "skills": [
    {
      "name": "Physics",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mathematics",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Reading Comprehension",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Writing",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Inductive Reasoning",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Deductive Reasoning",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Critical Thinking",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "English Language",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Active Listening",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Active Learning",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Information Ordering",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Learning Strategies",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Complex Problem Solving",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Speech Recognition",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Social Perceptiveness",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Systems Analysis",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Microsoft Word",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Microsoft PowerPoint",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Microsoft Excel",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Linux",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Instructing",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chemistry",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Apache Hadoop",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Visualization",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Time Management",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Negotiation",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Telecommunications",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Depth Perception",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Geography",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Biology",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Foreign Language",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Finger Dexterity",
      "type": "Common Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Equipment Selection",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Psychology",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Equipment Maintenance",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Presentation Software",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    },
    {
      "name": "Installation",
      "type": "Specialized Skill"
    }
  ],
  "tools": [
    {
      "example": "C",
      "category": "Development environment software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": true
    },
    {
      "example": "C++",
      "category": "Object or component oriented development software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": true
    },
    {
      "example": "Python",
      "category": "Object or component oriented development software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": true
    },
    {
      "example": "The MathWorks MATLAB",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": true
    },
    {
      "example": "Apache Hadoop",
      "category": "Data base management system software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "IBM SPSS Statistics",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Linux",
      "category": "Operating system software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Microsoft Excel",
      "category": "Spreadsheet software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Microsoft Office software",
      "category": "Office suite software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Microsoft PowerPoint",
      "category": "Presentation software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Microsoft Word",
      "category": "Word processing software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Oracle Java",
      "category": "Object or component oriented development software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "R",
      "category": "Object or component oriented development software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "SAS",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Structured query language SQL",
      "category": "Data base user interface and query software",
      "hot": true,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Abstraction plus reference plus synthesis A++",
      "category": "Development environment software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Adaptive optics AO simulation software",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Analyze",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Astronomical Image Processing for Windows AIP4WIN",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Astronomical Image Processing System AIPS",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Astronomical information processing system AIPS++",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Avis Fits Viewer",
      "category": "Graphics or photo imaging software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Data reduction software",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Diffraction Limited MaxIm DL",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "European Southern Observatory Munich Image Data Analysis System ESO-MIDAS",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Formula translation/translator FORTRAN",
      "category": "Development environment software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Fortran",
      "category": "Object or component oriented development software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Interface definition language IDL",
      "category": "Development environment software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "IRIS",
      "category": "Graphics or photo imaging software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "MSB Software Astroart",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Multipurpose Interactive Image Processing System MIIPS",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "National Instruments LabVIEW",
      "category": "Development environment software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Software Bisque CCDSoft",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Software development tools",
      "category": "Development environment software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Spectroscopy databases",
      "category": "Data base user interface and query software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Starcal",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Visual Numerics PV-WAVE",
      "category": "Analytical or scientific software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    },
    {
      "example": "Web browser software",
      "category": "Internet browser software",
      "hot": false,
      "inDemand": false
    }
  ],
  "workContext": [
    {
      "name": "E-Mail",
      "value": 4.91
    },
    {
      "name": "Freedom to Make Decisions",
      "value": 4.83
    },
    {
      "name": "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals",
      "value": 4.74
    },
    {
      "name": "Spend Time Sitting",
      "value": 4.35
    },
    {
      "name": "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate",
      "value": 4.26
    },
    {
      "name": "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams",
      "value": 4.14
    },
    {
      "name": "Indoors, Environmentally Controlled",
      "value": 4.13
    },
    {
      "name": "Level of Competition",
      "value": 4.13
    },
    {
      "name": "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team",
      "value": 4
    },
    {
      "name": "Contact With Others",
      "value": 3.57
    },
    {
      "name": "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities",
      "value": 3.3
    },
    {
      "name": "Telephone Conversations",
      "value": 3.13
    },
    {
      "name": "Time Pressure",
      "value": 2.91
    },
    {
      "name": "Public Speaking",
      "value": 2.83
    },
    {
      "name": "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers",
      "value": 2.78
    },
    {
      "name": "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results",
      "value": 2.78
    },
    {
      "name": "Physical Proximity",
      "value": 2.7
    },
    {
      "name": "Written Letters and Memos",
      "value": 2.48
    },
    {
      "name": "Health and Safety of Other Workers",
      "value": 2.3
    },
    {
      "name": "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks",
      "value": 2.3
    },
    {
      "name": "Frequency of Decision Making",
      "value": 2.17
    },
    {
      "name": "Spend Time Standing",
      "value": 2.09
    },
    {
      "name": "Deal With External Customers or the Public in General",
      "value": 2.04
    },
    {
      "name": "Conflict Situations",
      "value": 2.04
    },
    {
      "name": "Consequence of Error",
      "value": 2.04
    },
    {
      "name": "Degree of Automation",
      "value": 1.87
    },
    {
      "name": "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls",
      "value": 1.83
    },
    {
      "name": "Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled",
      "value": 1.78
    },
    {
      "name": "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People",
      "value": 1.74
    },
    {
      "name": "Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions",
      "value": 1.7
    },
    {
      "name": "Outdoors, Under Cover",
      "value": 1.65
    },
    {
      "name": "Spend Time Walking or Running",
      "value": 1.61
    },
    {
      "name": "In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment",
      "value": 1.57
    },
    {
      "name": "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable",
      "value": 1.52
    },
    {
      "name": "Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures",
      "value": 1.52
    },
    {
      "name": "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions",
      "value": 1.52
    },
    {
      "name": "Exposed to High Places",
      "value": 1.41
    },
    {
      "name": "Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment",
      "value": 1.39
    },
    {
      "name": "Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions",
      "value": 1.35
    },
    {
      "name": "Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions",
      "value": 1.35
    }
  ],
  "preparation": {
    "jobZone": "5",
    "jobZoneName": "Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed",
    "education": "Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).",
    "experience": "Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.",
    "svpRange": "(8.0 and above)",
    "educationDistribution": [
      {
        "label": "Doctoral Degree",
        "percentage": 65.22
      },
      {
        "label": "Post-Doctoral Training",
        "percentage": 26.09
      },
      {
        "label": "Master's Degree",
        "percentage": 8.7
      }
    ]
  },
  "personFit": [
    {
      "name": "Investigative",
      "family": "career_interest_type",
      "value": 7
    },
    {
      "name": "Physical Science",
      "family": "specific_interest_area",
      "value": 7
    },
    {
      "name": "Dependability",
      "family": "work_style",
      "value": 7
    },
    {
      "name": "Mathematics/Statistics",
      "family": "specific_interest_area",
      "value": 6.23
    },
    {
      "name": "Attention to Detail",
      "family": "work_style",
      "value": 6
    },
    {
      "name": "Realistic",
      "family": "career_interest_type",
      "value": 5.07
    },
    {
      "name": "Integrity",
      "family": "work_style",
      "value": 5
    },
    {
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