entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-19-1021-00"
socCode = "19-1021.00"
title = "Biochemists and Biophysicists"
summary = "Study the chemical composition or physical principles of living cells and organisms, their electrical and mechanical energy, and related phenomena. May conduct research to further understanding of the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. May determine the effects of foods, drugs, serums, hormones, and other substances on tissues and vital processes of living organisms."
aliases = ["Analytical Research Chemist", "Biochemist", "Biophysics Researcher", "Scientist", "Biochemistry Scientist", "Biological Chemist", "Biophysicist", "Chemist", "Chemistry Scientist", "Clinical Biochemist", "Clinical Laboratory Scientist", "Clinical Researcher"]

[preparation]
jobZone = "5"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed"
education = "Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree)."
experience = "Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job."
svpRange = "(8.0 and above)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Post-Doctoral Training"
percentage = 40

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Bachelor's Degree"
percentage = 25

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Doctoral Degree"
percentage = 25

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "First Professional Degree"
percentage = 10

[educationLevel]
category = "Doctoral or professional degree"
slug = "doctoral-or-professional-degree"

[market]
medianWage = 103650
meanWage = 115570
pct10Wage = 64890
pct25Wage = 78730
pct75Wage = 134460
pct90Wage = 168900
employment = 34520
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 11

[[industries.top]]
naics = "54"
slug = "54"
title = "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 22410
medianWage = 109790
lq = 9.29

[[industries.top]]
naics = "31-33"
slug = "31-33"
title = "Manufacturing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 7750
medianWage = 99970
lq = 2.71

[[industries.top]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 1630
medianWage = 65120
lq = 0.53

[[industries.top]]
naics = "541380"
slug = "541380"
title = "Testing Laboratories and Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 1230
medianWage = 66160
lq = 32.24

[[industries.top]]
naics = "42"
slug = "42"
title = "Wholesale Trade"
level = "Sector"
employment = 910
medianWage = 132500
lq = 0.67

[[industries.top]]
naics = "56"
slug = "56"
title = "Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 450
medianWage = 102190
lq = 0.22

[[industries.top]]
naics = "561320"
slug = "561320"
title = "Temporary Help Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 350
medianWage = 105000
lq = 0.59

[[industries.top]]
naics = "62"
slug = "62"
title = "Health Care and Social Assistance"
level = "Sector"
employment = 220
medianWage = 87470
lq = 0.04

[[industries.top]]
naics = "541330"
slug = "541330"
title = "Engineering Services"
level = "National industry"
medianWage = 81880

[[industries.top]]
naics = "541720"
slug = "541720"
title = "Research and Development in the Social Sciences and Humanities"
level = "National industry"
medianWage = 134810

[[industries.top]]
naics = "55"
slug = "55"
title = "Management of Companies and Enterprises"
level = "Sector"
medianWage = 95410

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "541380"
slug = "541380"
title = "Testing Laboratories and Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 1230
lq = 32.24

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "54"
slug = "54"
title = "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 22410
lq = 9.29

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "31-33"
slug = "31-33"
title = "Manufacturing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 7750
lq = 2.71

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "42"
slug = "42"
title = "Wholesale Trade"
level = "Sector"
employment = 910
lq = 0.67

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "561320"
slug = "561320"
title = "Temporary Help Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 350
lq = 0.59

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 1630
lq = 0.53

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "56"
slug = "56"
title = "Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 450
lq = 0.22

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "62"
slug = "62"
title = "Health Care and Social Assistance"
level = "Sector"
employment = 220
lq = 0.04

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = false
usageRelease = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 70
percentile = 70
band = "High"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 70
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 61
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 80
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.027
percentile = 17
band = "Low"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0.13636363636363635
beta = 0.4545454545454546
gamma = 0.7727272727272727

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 5.8
growthPercentile = 79
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 2.9
annualOpeningsPercentile = 37
employment2024Thousands = 35.6
employment2034Thousands = 37.6

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = 0.9060509
percentile = 70
band = "High"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.7727272727272727
percentile = 61
band = "Moderate"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.2514789498016125
percentile = 80
band = "High"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Prepare reports or recommendations, based upon research outcomes."
usagePercent = 0.0780579189758801
importance = 4.05

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Teach or advise undergraduate or graduate students or supervise their research."
usagePercent = 0.04354810216549101
importance = 4.53

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Research the chemical effects of substances, such as drugs, serums, hormones, or food, on tissues or vital processes."
usagePercent = 0.013146596880148229
importance = 3.69

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Study the mutations in organisms that lead to cancer or other diseases."
usagePercent = 0.012633057939517437
importance = 3.71

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Investigate the nature, composition, or expression of genes or research how genetic engineering can impact these processes."
usagePercent = 0.010887025541372752
importance = 3.25

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Research how characteristics of plants or animals are carried through successive generations."
usagePercent = 0.010784317753246593
importance = 3.29

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[aiPlaybook]
trustedTaskCount = 8
taskCount = 12
totalSample = 1009
autonomyMedian = 4
dominantCollaboration = "learning"
automationShare = 24.05
augmentationShare = 64.53
workUsePercent = 23.83
release = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "learning"
percent = 35.69

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "directive"
percent = 21.87

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "task iteration"
percent = 19.59

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "validation"
percent = 9.25

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "feedback loop"
percent = 2.18

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "coursework"
percent = 47.99

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "work"
percent = 23.83

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "personal"
percent = 18.82

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Prepare reports or recommendations, based upon research outcomes."
usagePercent = 0.045905738217277156
collaboration = "task iteration"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 459

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Teach or advise undergraduate or graduate students or supervise their research."
usagePercent = 0.017902237779722465
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 179

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Research how characteristics of plants or animals are carried through successive generations."
usagePercent = 0.009701212651581448
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 3
sampleCount = 97

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Investigate the nature, composition, or expression of genes or research how genetic engineering can impact these processes."
usagePercent = 0.00450056257032129
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 45

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Produce pharmaceutically or industrially useful proteins, using recombinant DNA technology."
usagePercent = 0.003800475059382423
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 38

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Study the chemistry of living processes, such as cell development, breathing and digestion, or living energy changes, such as growth, aging, or death."
usagePercent = 0.003500437554694337
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 35

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Develop new methods to study the mechanisms of biological processes."
usagePercent = 0.003300412551568946
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 33

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Research the chemical effects of substances, such as drugs, serums, hormones, or food, on tissues or vital processes."
usagePercent = 0.003300412551568946
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 33

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Research the chemical effects of substances, such as drugs, serums, hormones, or food, on tissues or vital processes."
humanNeededPercent = 96.96969696969697
sampleCount = 33

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Investigate the nature, composition, or expression of genes or research how genetic engineering can impact these processes."
humanNeededPercent = 95.55555555555556
sampleCount = 45

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Produce pharmaceutically or industrially useful proteins, using recombinant DNA technology."
humanNeededPercent = 94.73684210526315
sampleCount = 38

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Study the chemistry of living processes, such as cell development, breathing and digestion, or living energy changes, such as growth, aging, or death."
humanNeededPercent = 94.28571428571428
sampleCount = 35

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Research how characteristics of plants or animals are carried through successive generations."
humanNeededPercent = 93.81443298969072
sampleCount = 97

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Prepare reports or recommendations, based upon research outcomes."
humanNeededPercent = 87.7995642701525
sampleCount = 459

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Let's work through this together, step by step: prepare reports or recommendations, based upon research outcomes. I'll give feedback as we go."
collaboration = "task iteration"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to teach or advise undergraduate or graduate students or supervise their research, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to research how characteristics of plants or animals are carried through successive generations, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to investigate the nature, composition, or expression of genes or research how genetic engineering can impact these processes, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to produce pharmaceutically or industrially useful proteins, using recombinant DNA technology, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[counts]
tasks = 24
skills = 43
capabilities = 120
tools = 72
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "c73337af07ef22a9"

[[tasks]]
text = "Share research findings by writing scientific articles or by making presentations at scientific conferences."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Teach or advise undergraduate or graduate students or supervise their research."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.3.b"

[[tasks]]
text = "Manage laboratory teams or monitor the quality of a team's work."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Study physical principles of living cells or organisms and their electrical or mechanical energy, applying methods and knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, or biology."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.p"

[[tasks]]
text = "Develop new methods to study the mechanisms of biological processes."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.s"

[[tasks]]
text = "Write grant proposals to obtain funding for research."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.g"

[[tasks]]
text = "Design or perform experiments with equipment, such as lasers, accelerators, or mass spectrometers."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.s"

[[tasks]]
text = "Determine the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.j"

[[tasks]]
text = "Prepare reports or recommendations, based upon research outcomes."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Design or build laboratory equipment needed for special research projects."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.at"

[[tasks]]
text = "Study spatial configurations of submicroscopic molecules, such as proteins, using x-rays or electron microscopes."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.p"

[[tasks]]
text = "Study the chemistry of living processes, such as cell development, breathing and digestion, or living energy changes, such as growth, aging, or death."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.p"

[[emergingTasks]]
text = "Analyze biochemical or biophysical data."

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Develop biological research methods."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.s"

[[activities]]
name = "Supervise scientific or technical personnel."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Research diseases or parasites."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.p"

[[activities]]
name = "Develop new or advanced products or production methods."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.2.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.p"

[[activities]]
name = "Analyze biological samples."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare compounds or solutions for products or testing."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.au"

[[activities]]
name = "Research genetic characteristics or expression."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.p"

[[activities]]
name = "Research methods to improve food products."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.t"

[[activities]]
name = "Design research studies to obtain scientific information."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.2.s"

[[activities]]
name = "Instruct college students in physical or life sciences."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.3.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Set up laboratory or field equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.at"

[[activities]]
name = "Write grant proposals."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.g"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Science"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Biology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.65

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Chemistry"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.35

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.3

[[capabilities]]
name = "English Language"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.3

[[capabilities]]
name = "Writing"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 4.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 4.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 4.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Listening"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speaking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Learning"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 4.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Physics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.05

[[capabilities]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Judgment and Decision Making"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Category Flexibility"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematical Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Monitoring"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Fluency of Ideas"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Originality"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Clarity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Education and Training"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.7

[[capabilities]]
name = "Instructing"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Flexibility of Closure"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Computers and Electronics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.55

[[capabilities]]
name = "Number Facility"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Engineering and Technology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.37

[[capabilities]]
name = "Visualization"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Operations Analysis"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Excel"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Word"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Visio"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Outlook"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Linux"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Adobe Photoshop"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Statistical Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Minitab"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Graphics Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Email Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Psychology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Excel"
category = "Spreadsheet software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Office software"
category = "Office suite software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
category = "Presentation software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Adobe Photoshop"
category = "Graphics or photo imaging software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Extensible markup language XML"
category = "Enterprise application integration software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "IBM SPSS Statistics"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Linux"
category = "Operating system software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Outlook"
category = "Electronic mail software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Visio"
category = "Process mapping and design software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Word"
category = "Word processing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Perl"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Python"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "R"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "SAP software"
category = "Enterprise resource planning ERP software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "SAS"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "The MathWorks MATLAB"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Electronic lab notebook software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "3D graphics software"
category = "Graphics or photo imaging software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Accelrys Cerius2"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Accelrys FELIX"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Accelrys Insight II"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Accelrys QAUNTA"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Analysis and building software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Assisted model building with energy refinement AMBER"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "AutoQuant AutoDeblur"
category = "Graphics or photo imaging software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Basic Local Alignment Search Tool BLAST"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Carrier-mediated transport software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Chang Bioscience ToolKit"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "ChemInnovation Software Chem 4-D"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Chemistry at Harvard Molecular Mechanics CHARMm"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Crystallography & NMR System (CNS)"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Crystallography software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Dassault Systemes Abaqus"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Docking and ligand binding software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Elsevier MDL ISIS/Draw"
category = "Graphics or photo imaging software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Email software"
category = "Electronic mail software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "ESRI What if?"
category = "Geographic information system"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Expression DNA and protein sequence software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Fujitsu BioMedCache"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Fujitsu MOPAC"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "E-Mail"
value = 4.85

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 4.75

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Environmentally Controlled"
value = 4.67

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 4.44

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 4.35

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 4.3

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 4.21

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets"
value = 4.16

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 4.11

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 3.8

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 3.75

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 3.7

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 3.68

[[workContext]]
name = "Telephone Conversations"
value = 3.67

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Sitting"
value = 3.58

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 3.53

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 3.45

[[workContext]]
name = "Written Letters and Memos"
value = 3.44

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 3.37

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 3.32

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 3.3

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 3.16

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 3.16

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Conditions"
value = 3.11

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 2.7

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 2.68

[[workContext]]
name = "Public Speaking"
value = 2.65

[[workContext]]
name = "Degree of Automation"
value = 2.63

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 2.55

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Contaminants"
value = 2.53

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable"
value = 2.4

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection"
value = 2.3

[[workContext]]
name = "Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment"
value = 2.17

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People"
value = 2.16

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Equipment"
value = 2.15

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Disease or Infections"
value = 2.11

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions"
value = 1.95

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 1.95

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions"
value = 1.9

[[workContext]]
name = "Deal With External Customers or the Public in General"
value = 1.8

[[personFit]]
name = "Investigative"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 7

[[personFit]]
name = "Life Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.62

[[personFit]]
name = "Medical Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.27

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 6

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 5.86

[[personFit]]
name = "Mathematics/Statistics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 5.16

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 5.11

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 5

[[personFit]]
name = "Integrity"
family = "work_style"
value = 4

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.64

[[personFit]]
name = "Intellectual Curiosity"
family = "work_style"
value = 3

[[personFit]]
name = "Engineering"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.88

[[personFit]]
name = "Mechanics/Electronics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.8

[[personFit]]
name = "Teaching/Education"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.71

[[personFit]]
name = "Artistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 2.61

[[personFit]]
name = "Innovation"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.61

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-1029.02"
slug = "role-19-1029-02"
title = "Molecular and Cellular Biologists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-1022.00"
slug = "role-19-1022-00"
title = "Microbiologists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-1029.03"
slug = "role-19-1029-03"
title = "Geneticists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-1042.00"
slug = "role-19-1042-00"
title = "Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-2031.00"
slug = "role-19-2031-00"
title = "Chemists"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2031.00"
slug = "role-17-2031-00"
title = "Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-1029.01"
slug = "role-19-1029-01"
title = "Bioinformatics Scientists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-2012.00"
slug = "role-19-2012-00"
title = "Physicists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-2012.00"
slug = "role-29-2012-00"
title = "Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-1011.00"
slug = "role-19-1011-00"
title = "Animal Scientists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "29-2011.00"
slug = "role-29-2011-00"
title = "Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "19-4021.00"
slug = "role-19-4021-00"
title = "Biological Technicians"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Advanced Manufacturing"
slug = "advanced-manufacturing"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Biological and Biomedical Sciences"
slug = "biological-and-biomedical-sciences"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Health Professions and Related Programs"
slug = "health-professions-and-related-programs"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.027
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = 0.9060509
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = 1.209346
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = 0.7935216
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
