entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-17-2199-07"
socCode = "17-2199.07"
title = "Photonics Engineers"
summary = "Design technologies specializing in light information or light energy, such as laser or fiber optics technology."
aliases = ["Laser Engineer", "Optical Design Engineer", "Optical Engineer", "Optical Systems Engineer", "Algorithm Developer", "Optical Specialist", "Optoelectronics Engineer", "Research Engineer", "Research and Development Engineer (R and D Engineer)", "DWDM Optical Network Engineer (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Optical Network Engineer)", "Display Engineer", "Electro-optical Engineer"]
emergingTasks = []

[preparation]
jobZone = "4"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed"
education = "Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not."
experience = "A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified."
svpRange = "(7.0 to < 8.0)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Bachelor's Degree"
percentage = 52.38

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Master's Degree"
percentage = 38.1

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree)"
percentage = 4.76

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Doctoral Degree"
percentage = 4.76

[educationLevel]
category = "Bachelor's degree"
slug = "bachelor-s-degree"

[market]
medianWage = 117750
meanWage = 121720
pct10Wage = 62840
pct25Wage = 85750
pct75Wage = 152670
pct90Wage = 183510
employment = 150750
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 36

[[industries.top]]
naics = "54"
slug = "54"
title = "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 37330
medianWage = 112040
lq = 3.55

[[industries.top]]
naics = "31-33"
slug = "31-33"
title = "Manufacturing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 36850
medianWage = 107590
lq = 2.95

[[industries.top]]
naics = "541330"
slug = "541330"
title = "Engineering Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 16150
medianWage = 101730
lq = 14.29

[[industries.top]]
naics = "42"
slug = "42"
title = "Wholesale Trade"
level = "Sector"
employment = 6470
medianWage = 103760
lq = 1.1

[[industries.top]]
naics = "56"
slug = "56"
title = "Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 6030
medianWage = 95040
lq = 0.68

[[industries.top]]
naics = "55"
slug = "55"
title = "Management of Companies and Enterprises"
level = "Sector"
employment = 5210
medianWage = 122930
lq = 1.9

[[industries.top]]
naics = "51"
slug = "51"
title = "Information"
level = "Sector"
employment = 3800
medianWage = 159700
lq = 1.34

[[industries.top]]
naics = "561320"
slug = "561320"
title = "Temporary Help Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 3680
medianWage = 88000
lq = 1.42

[[industries.top]]
naics = "23"
slug = "23"
title = "Construction"
level = "Sector"
employment = 3520
medianWage = 81570
lq = 0.44

[[industries.top]]
naics = "22"
slug = "22"
title = "Utilities"
level = "Sector"
employment = 2970
medianWage = 118630
lq = 5.24

[[industries.top]]
naics = "541380"
slug = "541380"
title = "Testing Laboratories and Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 2780
medianWage = 102200
lq = 16.69

[[industries.top]]
naics = "61"
slug = "61"
title = "Educational Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 2720
medianWage = 98560
lq = 0.2

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "221114"
slug = "221114"
title = "Solar Electric Power Generation"
level = "National industry"
employment = 270
lq = 19.8

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "541380"
slug = "541380"
title = "Testing Laboratories and Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 2780
lq = 16.69

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "541330"
slug = "541330"
title = "Engineering Services"
level = "National industry"
employment = 16150
lq = 14.29

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "221115"
slug = "221115"
title = "Wind Electric Power Generation"
level = "National industry"
employment = 110
lq = 11.33

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "22"
slug = "22"
title = "Utilities"
level = "Sector"
employment = 2970
lq = 5.24

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "221113"
slug = "221113"
title = "Nuclear Electric Power Generation"
level = "National industry"
employment = 190
lq = 5.23

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "221112"
slug = "221112"
title = "Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation"
level = "National industry"
employment = 360
lq = 5.16

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "54"
slug = "54"
title = "Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services"
level = "Sector"
employment = 37330
lq = 3.55

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = true
usageRelease = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 66
percentile = 66
band = "Moderate"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 67
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 60
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 71
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.014
percentile = 9
band = "Low"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0.2
beta = 0.4777777777777778
gamma = 0.7555555555555555

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = 2.1
growthPercentile = 42
direction = "About average"
annualOpeningsThousands = 9.3
annualOpeningsPercentile = 61
employment2024Thousands = 158.8
employment2034Thousands = 162.1

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = 0.787566
percentile = 67
band = "High"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.7555555555555555
percentile = 60
band = "Moderate"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.21127710657439736
percentile = 71
band = "High"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Analyze system performance or operational requirements."
usagePercent = 0.06758172458701198
importance = 4.14

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Design, integrate, or test photonics systems or components."
usagePercent = 0.011708687846382015
importance = 3.95

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Conduct research on new photonics technologies."
usagePercent = 0.009243700931354223
importance = 3.64

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Design electro-optical sensing or imaging systems."
usagePercent = 0.006265175075695639
importance = 3.58

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Conduct testing to determine functionality or optimization or to establish limits of photonics systems or components."
usagePercent = 0.003697480372541689
importance = 3.67

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Determine commercial, industrial, scientific, or other uses for electro-optical applications or devices."
usagePercent = 0.0035947725844155307
importance = 3.06

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[aiPlaybook]
trustedTaskCount = 6
taskCount = 7
totalSample = 1208
autonomyMedian = 4
dominantCollaboration = "learning"
automationShare = 26.4
augmentationShare = 63.5
workUsePercent = 47.94
release = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "learning"
percent = 31.03

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "task iteration"
percent = 27.59

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "directive"
percent = 19.34

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "feedback loop"
percent = 7.06

[[aiPlaybook.collaboration]]
label = "validation"
percent = 4.88

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "work"
percent = 47.94

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "coursework"
percent = 26.66

[[aiPlaybook.useCase]]
label = "personal"
percent = 22.12

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Analyze system performance or operational requirements."
usagePercent = 0.06260782597824728
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 626

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Write reports or research proposals."
usagePercent = 0.035304413051631456
collaboration = "task iteration"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 353

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Design, integrate, or test photonics systems or components."
usagePercent = 0.00730091261407676
collaboration = "task iteration"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 73

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Conduct testing to determine functionality or optimization or to establish limits of photonics systems or components."
usagePercent = 0.005600700087510939
collaboration = "directive"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 56

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Conduct research on new photonics technologies."
usagePercent = 0.004600575071883986
collaboration = "learning"
autonomyMedian = 4
sampleCount = 46

[[aiPlaybook.delegatedTasks]]
task = "Document design processes including objectives, issues, and outcomes."
usagePercent = 0.003500437554694337
collaboration = "task iteration"
autonomyMedian = 3
sampleCount = 35

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Conduct research on new photonics technologies."
humanNeededPercent = 91.30434782608695
sampleCount = 46

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Write reports or research proposals."
humanNeededPercent = 90.6515580736544
sampleCount = 353

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Analyze system performance or operational requirements."
humanNeededPercent = 88.81789137380191
sampleCount = 626

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Document design processes including objectives, issues, and outcomes."
humanNeededPercent = 85.71428571428571
sampleCount = 35

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Design, integrate, or test photonics systems or components."
humanNeededPercent = 71.23287671232876
sampleCount = 73

[[aiPlaybook.boundaryTasks]]
task = "Conduct testing to determine functionality or optimization or to establish limits of photonics systems or components."
humanNeededPercent = 67.85714285714286
sampleCount = 56

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to analyze system performance or operational requirements, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Let's work through this together, step by step: write reports or research proposals. I'll give feedback as we go."
collaboration = "task iteration"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Let's work through this together, step by step: design, integrate, or test photonics systems or components. I'll give feedback as we go."
collaboration = "task iteration"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Do this for me: conduct testing to determine functionality or optimization or to establish limits of photonics systems or components. Give me a finished draft I can review and adjust."
collaboration = "directive"

[[aiPlaybook.seedPrompts]]
prompt = "Teach me how to conduct research on new photonics technologies, then check my work as I try it myself."
collaboration = "learning"

[counts]
tasks = 26
skills = 43
capabilities = 120
tools = 52
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "bdd8f649f6de0077"

[[tasks]]
text = "Analyze system performance or operational requirements."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.g"

[[tasks]]
text = "Develop optical or imaging systems, such as optical imaging products, optical components, image processes, signal process technologies, or optical systems."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.2.e"

[[tasks]]
text = "Develop or test photonic prototypes or models."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.l"

[[tasks]]
text = "Design, integrate, or test photonics systems or components."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.l"

[[tasks]]
text = "Assist in the transition of photonic prototypes to production."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.6.b"

[[tasks]]
text = "Read current literature, talk with colleagues, continue education, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in the field."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.b.3.a"

[[tasks]]
text = "Write reports or proposals related to photonics research or development projects."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Conduct testing to determine functionality or optimization or to establish limits of photonics systems or components."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.l"

[[tasks]]
text = "Determine applications of photonics appropriate to meet product objectives or features."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.b.1.b"

[[tasks]]
text = "Conduct research on new photonics technologies."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.t"

[[tasks]]
text = "Design electro-optical sensing or imaging systems."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.2.e"

[[tasks]]
text = "Document photonics system or component design processes, including objectives, issues, or outcomes."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Select tools, equipment, or technologies for use in operations or projects."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.1.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Operate industrial equipment."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.3.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Purchase materials, equipment, or other resources."
iwa = "4.A.4.c.3.e"

[[activities]]
name = "Test performance of electrical, electronic, mechanical, or integrated systems or equipment."
iwa = "4.A.1.b.2.l"

[[activities]]
name = "Fabricate devices or components."
iwa = "4.A.3.a.2.aa"

[[activities]]
name = "Design electronic or computer equipment or instrumentation."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.2.e"

[[activities]]
name = "Identify new applications for existing technologies."
iwa = "4.A.1.b.1.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Research advanced engineering designs or applications."
iwa = "4.A.1.a.1.t"

[[activities]]
name = "Analyze operational data to evaluate operations, processes or products."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.4.g"

[[activities]]
name = "Create physical models or prototypes."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.2.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare detailed work plans."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.6.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Maintain operational records or records systems."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.h"

[[activities]]
name = "Document technical design details."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.i"

[[activities]]
name = "Direct industrial production activities."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Update technical knowledge."
iwa = "4.A.2.b.3.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Train personnel on proper operational procedures."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.3.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Design energy production or management equipment or systems."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.2.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Design industrial processing systems."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.2.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare research or technical reports."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Write reports or evaluations."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare proposal documents."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.g"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Engineering and Technology"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.83

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.57

[[capabilities]]
name = "Physics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.57

[[capabilities]]
name = "Computers and Electronics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.23

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Design"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.96

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Writing"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematical Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Listening"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Fluency of Ideas"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Originality"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speaking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Learning"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Category Flexibility"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Science"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Number Facility"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Clarity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Judgment and Decision Making"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "English Language"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.33

[[capabilities]]
name = "Operations Analysis"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Technology Design"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Flexibility of Closure"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Visualization"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
family = "ability"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Systems Evaluation"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.12

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mechanical"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.09

[[capabilities]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Unix"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Shell Script"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Word"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Visio"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Outlook"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Excel"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Linux"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Facebook"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Zemax"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mapping Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Geography"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "C++"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Dassault Systemes SolidWorks"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Python"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "The MathWorks MATLAB"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Autodesk AutoCAD"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "C"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "C#"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "ESRI ArcGIS software"
category = "Geographic information system"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Facebook"
category = "Web page creation and editing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Go"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Linux"
category = "Operating system software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft .NET Framework"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Excel"
category = "Spreadsheet software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Office software"
category = "Office suite software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Outlook"
category = "Electronic mail software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
category = "Presentation software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Visio"
category = "Process mapping and design software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Visual Basic"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Word"
category = "Word processing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Oracle Java"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Perl"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "R"
category = "Object or component oriented development software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "SAS"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Shell script"
category = "Operating system software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "UNIX"
category = "Operating system software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "National Instruments LabVIEW"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = false
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Zemax"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = false
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Adept Scientific GRAMS"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Apollo Photonics APSS"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "BPM_CAD"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Computer-aided drafting or design software"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Dassault Systemes CATIA"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Debugging software"
category = "Program testing software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "ESRI software"
category = "Geographic information system"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Finite element analysis FEA software"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Formula translation/translator FORTRAN"
category = "Development environment software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Mapping software"
category = "Map creation software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Mathsoft Mathcad"
category = "Analytical or scientific software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Optical Research Associates LightTools"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Optiwave OptiBPM"
category = "Computer aided design CAD software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "E-Mail"
value = 4.96

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Environmentally Controlled"
value = 4.96

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 4.83

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 4.61

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 4.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 4.35

[[workContext]]
name = "Telephone Conversations"
value = 4.22

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 4.13

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 4

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Sitting"
value = 3.78

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 3.57

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 3.41

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 3.26

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 3.26

[[workContext]]
name = "Written Letters and Memos"
value = 3.13

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 3.09

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets"
value = 3.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 2.91

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 2.87

[[workContext]]
name = "Deal With External Customers or the Public in General"
value = 2.78

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 2.78

[[workContext]]
name = "Public Speaking"
value = 2.64

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 2.61

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 2.48

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 2.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 2.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable"
value = 2.35

[[workContext]]
name = "Degree of Automation"
value = 2.26

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People"
value = 2.23

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 2.17

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Equipment"
value = 2.13

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions"
value = 2.09

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Hazardous Conditions"
value = 2.09

[[workContext]]
name = "Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection"
value = 2.09

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions"
value = 1.87

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 1.87

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled"
value = 1.83

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Contaminants"
value = 1.78

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 1.74

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Radiation"
value = 1.61

[[personFit]]
name = "Engineering"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.6

[[personFit]]
name = "Physical Science"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.01

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 6

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 5.9

[[personFit]]
name = "Investigative"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 5.88

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 5

[[personFit]]
name = "Mechanics/Electronics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.69

[[personFit]]
name = "Mathematics/Statistics"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.58

[[personFit]]
name = "Cautiousness"
family = "work_style"
value = 4

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.96

[[personFit]]
name = "Information Technology"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 3.55

[[personFit]]
name = "Intellectual Curiosity"
family = "work_style"
value = 3

[[personFit]]
name = "Artistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 2.8

[[personFit]]
name = "Innovation"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.45

[[personFit]]
name = "Achievement Orientation"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.14

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-3029.08"
slug = "role-17-3029-08"
title = "Photonics Technicians"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2199.06"
slug = "role-17-2199-06"
title = "Microsystems Engineers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2072.00"
slug = "role-17-2072-00"
title = "Electronics Engineers, Except Computer"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2061.00"
slug = "role-17-2061-00"
title = "Computer Hardware Engineers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-3023.00"
slug = "role-17-3023-00"
title = "Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2199.05"
slug = "role-17-2199-05"
title = "Mechatronics Engineers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2199.09"
slug = "role-17-2199-09"
title = "Nanosystems Engineers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2071.00"
slug = "role-17-2071-00"
title = "Electrical Engineers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2072.01"
slug = "role-17-2072-01"
title = "Radio Frequency Identification Device Specialists"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-2199.08"
slug = "role-17-2199-08"
title = "Robotics Engineers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-3028.00"
slug = "role-17-3028-00"
title = "Calibration Technologists and Technicians"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "17-3024.01"
slug = "role-17-3024-01"
title = "Robotics Technicians"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Advanced Manufacturing"
slug = "advanced-manufacturing"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Agriculture"
slug = "agriculture"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Construction"
slug = "construction"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Energy & Natural Resources"
slug = "energy-natural-resources"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Engineering"
slug = "engineering"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Engineering/Engineering-Related Technologies/Technicians"
slug = "engineering-engineering-related-technologies-technicians"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Health Professions and Related Programs"
slug = "health-professions-and-related-programs"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.014
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = 0.787566
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = 1.212927
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = 0.5808077
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
