# Actuaries

> Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates and construct probability tables to forecast risk and liability for payment of future benefits. May ascertain insurance rates required and cash reserves necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.
- **Entity Type:** role
- **Schema Version:** role.v1
- **Soc Code:** 15-2011.00
- **Summary:** Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates and construct probability tables to forecast risk and liability for payment of future benefits. May ascertain insurance rates required and cash reserves necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.

## Aliases

- Actuarial Analyst
- Actuary
- Consulting Actuary
- Pricing Actuary
- Actuarial Associate
- Actuarial Consultant
- Corporate Actuary
- Health Actuary
- Product Development Actuary
- Reserving Actuary
- Actuarial Intern
- Actuarial Mathematician

## Tasks

| Text | Type | Iwa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ascertain premium rates required and cash reserves and liabilities necessary to ensure payment of future benefits. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.h |
| Collaborate with programmers, underwriters, accounts, claims experts, and senior management to help companies develop plans for new lines of business or improvements to existing business. | Core | 4.A.4.a.2.e |
| Analyze statistical information to estimate mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates. | Core | 4.A.2.a.4.f |
| Design, review, and help administer insurance, annuity and pension plans, determining financial soundness and calculating premiums. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.h |
| Determine, or help determine, company policy, and explain complex technical matters to company executives, government officials, shareholders, policyholders, or the public. | Core | 4.A.2.b.2.v |
| Construct probability tables for events such as fires, natural disasters, and unemployment, based on analysis of statistical data and other pertinent information. | Core | 4.A.2.a.4.d |
| Provide advice to clients on a contract basis, working as a consultant. | Core | 4.A.4.b.6.b |
| Negotiate terms and conditions of reinsurance with other companies. | Core | 4.A.4.a.7.b |
| Determine equitable basis for distributing surplus earnings under participating insurance and annuity contracts in mutual companies. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.h |
| Provide expertise to help financial institutions manage risks and maximize returns associated with investment products or credit offerings. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.h |
| Testify before public agencies on proposed legislation affecting businesses. | Core | 4.A.4.a.3.a |
| Determine policy contract provisions for each type of insurance. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.h |

## Emerging Tasks

| Text |
| --- |
| Analyze data to determine premium rates required and cash reserves and liabilities necessary to ensure payment of future benefits. |

## Activities

| Name | Iwa |
| --- | --- |
| Negotiate contracts with clients or service providers. | 4.A.4.a.7.b |
| Manage financial activities of the organization. | 4.A.4.b.4.h |
| Analyze health-related data. | 4.A.2.a.4.f |
| Collaborate with others to develop or implement marketing strategies. | 4.A.4.a.2.e |
| Develop organizational goals or objectives. | 4.A.2.b.2.v |
| Testify at legal or legislative proceedings. | 4.A.4.a.3.a |
| Advise customers on technical or procedural issues. | 4.A.4.b.6.b |
| Advise others on legal or regulatory compliance matters. | 4.A.4.b.6.h |
| Analyze data to identify trends or relationships among variables. | 4.A.2.a.4.d |
| Provide customer service to clients or users. | 4.A.4.a.3.c |

## Capabilities

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mathematics | knowledge | 4.93 |
| Mathematical Reasoning | ability | 4.62 |
| Reading Comprehension | essential_skill | 4.25 |
| Mathematics | essential_skill | 4.25 |
| Critical Thinking | essential_skill | 4.25 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | transferable_skill | 4.25 |
| Inductive Reasoning | ability | 4.12 |
| Number Facility | ability | 4.12 |
| Active Listening | essential_skill | 4 |
| Complex Problem Solving | transferable_skill | 4 |
| Systems Evaluation | transferable_skill | 4 |
| Oral Comprehension | ability | 4 |
| Written Comprehension | ability | 4 |
| Oral Expression | ability | 4 |
| Written Expression | ability | 4 |
| Deductive Reasoning | ability | 4 |
| Category Flexibility | ability | 4 |
| Computers and Electronics | knowledge | 3.96 |
| Speaking | essential_skill | 3.88 |
| Systems Analysis | transferable_skill | 3.88 |
| Problem Sensitivity | ability | 3.88 |
| Information Ordering | ability | 3.88 |
| Economics and Accounting | knowledge | 3.78 |
| Near Vision | ability | 3.75 |
| English Language | knowledge | 3.7 |
| Speech Clarity | ability | 3.62 |
| Writing | essential_skill | 3.5 |
| Speech Recognition | ability | 3.38 |
| Active Learning | essential_skill | 3.25 |
| Flexibility of Closure | ability | 3.25 |
| Selective Attention | ability | 3.25 |
| Monitoring | essential_skill | 3.12 |
| Fluency of Ideas | ability | 3.12 |
| Social Perceptiveness | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Coordination | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Service Orientation | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Operations Analysis | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Time Management | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Law and Government | knowledge | 3 |
| Administration and Management | knowledge | 2.89 |

## Skills

| Name | Type |
| --- | --- |
| Mathematics | Common Skill |
| Reading Comprehension | Common Skill |
| Critical Thinking | Common Skill |
| Inductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Deductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Complex Problem Solving | Common Skill |
| Active Listening | Common Skill |
| Systems Analysis | Specialized Skill |
| Information Ordering | Specialized Skill |
| English Language | Common Skill |
| Writing | Common Skill |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Excel | Common Skill |
| Speech Recognition | Specialized Skill |
| Active Learning | Common Skill |
| Time Management | Common Skill |
| Social Perceptiveness | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Word | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Visio | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Project | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Access | Specialized Skill |
| Learning Strategies | Specialized Skill |
| Negotiation | Common Skill |
| Instructing | Specialized Skill |
| Visualization | Specialized Skill |
| Statistical Software | Specialized Skill |
| Depth Perception | Common Skill |
| Telecommunications | Specialized Skill |
| Psychology | Specialized Skill |
| Geography | Specialized Skill |
| Finger Dexterity | Common Skill |
| Biology | Specialized Skill |
| Physics | Specialized Skill |
| Foreign Language | Common Skill |
| Chemistry | Specialized Skill |
| Project Management Software | Specialized Skill |
| Presentation Software | Specialized Skill |
| Installation | Specialized Skill |
| Financial Analysis Software | Specialized Skill |
| Equipment Selection | Specialized Skill |

## Tools

| Example | Category | Hot | In Demand |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Microsoft Excel | Spreadsheet software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Office software | Office suite software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Power BI | Business intelligence and data analysis software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Presentation software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA | Development environment software | yes | yes |
| Python | Object or component oriented development software | yes | yes |
| R | Object or component oriented development software | yes | yes |
| SAS | Analytical or scientific software | yes | yes |
| Structured query language SQL | Data base user interface and query software | yes | yes |
| Tableau | Business intelligence and data analysis software | yes | yes |
| C++ | Object or component oriented development software | yes | no |
| IBM SPSS Statistics | Analytical or scientific software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Access | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Project | Project management software | yes | no |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Visio | Process mapping and design software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Visual Basic | Development environment software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Word | Word processing software | yes | no |
| Oracle Database | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Oracle Java | Object or component oriented development software | yes | no |
| Appraisal software | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| ARMON Technologies XLActuary | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Cash flow software | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Compliance testing software | Compliance software | no | no |
| dBASE Plus | Data base user interface and query software | no | no |
| GGY AXIS | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| IBM Lotus Notes | Electronic mail software | no | no |
| Insightful S-PLUS | Analytical or scientific software | no | no |
| Insureware ICRFS-ELRF | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Lewis & Ellis LEAPPS | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Microsoft Visual FoxPro | Object oriented data base management software | no | no |
| Milliman Corporate Affinity | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Milliman ReservePro | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Oak Mountain Software AnnuityValue | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| PolySystems Asset Delphi | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Pricing software | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Qlik Tech QlikView | Business intelligence and data analysis software | no | no |
| SAP BusinessObjects Desktop Intelligence | Data base user interface and query software | no | no |
| SS&C PTS | Financial analysis software | no | no |
| Statistical software | Analytical or scientific software | no | no |

## Work Context

| Name | Value |
| --- | --- |
| E-Mail | 5 |
| Indoors, Environmentally Controlled | 5 |
| Spend Time Sitting | 4.93 |
| Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams | 4.6 |
| Telephone Conversations | 4.48 |
| Importance of Being Exact or Accurate | 4.43 |
| Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team | 4.19 |
| Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results | 3.96 |
| Freedom to Make Decisions | 3.86 |
| Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals | 3.86 |
| Written Letters and Memos | 3.85 |
| Contact With Others | 3.79 |
| Level of Competition | 3.62 |
| Time Pressure | 3.46 |
| Importance of Repeating Same Tasks | 3.22 |
| Frequency of Decision Making | 3.08 |
| Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers | 3.04 |
| Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities | 2.81 |
| Physical Proximity | 2.7 |
| Deal With External Customers or the Public in General | 2.43 |
| Consequence of Error | 2.37 |
| Degree of Automation | 2.26 |
| Public Speaking | 2.21 |
| Conflict Situations | 2.21 |
| Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions | 2.15 |
| Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls | 1.79 |
| Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People | 1.67 |
| Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable | 1.64 |
| Spend Time Standing | 1.59 |
| Health and Safety of Other Workers | 1.57 |
| Spend Time Walking or Running | 1.33 |
| Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People | 1.11 |
| Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment | 1.11 |
| Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures | 1.04 |
| Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions | 1.04 |
| Exposed to Contaminants | 1.04 |
| Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings | 1.04 |
| Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance | 1.04 |
| Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body | 1.04 |
| Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled | 1 |

## Preparation

- **Job Zone:** 4
- **Job Zone Name:** Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed
- **Education:** Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.
- **Experience:** A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.
- **Svp Range:** (7.0 to < 8.0)

### Education Distribution

| Label | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Bachelor's Degree | 78.57 |
| Post-Baccalaureate Certificate | 10.71 |
| First Professional Degree | 10.71 |

## Person Fit

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mathematics/Statistics | specific_interest_area | 6.52 |
| Conventional | career_interest_type | 6.29 |
| Dependability | work_style | 6 |
| Finance | specific_interest_area | 5.37 |
| Attention to Detail | work_style | 5 |
| Accounting | specific_interest_area | 4.47 |
| Investigative | career_interest_type | 4.45 |
| Integrity | work_style | 4 |
| Enterprising | career_interest_type | 3.33 |
| Cautiousness | work_style | 3 |
| Management/Administration | specific_interest_area | 2.97 |
| Information Technology | specific_interest_area | 2.9 |
| Public Speaking | specific_interest_area | 2.85 |
| Business Initiatives | specific_interest_area | 2.62 |
| Law | specific_interest_area | 2.61 |
| Intellectual Curiosity | work_style | 2.58 |

## Related Roles

| Soc Code | Slug | Title | Tier |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13-2052.00 | role-13-2052-00 | Personal Financial Advisors | Primary-Short |
| 13-2054.00 | role-13-2054-00 | Financial Risk Specialists | Primary-Short |
| 13-2051.00 | role-13-2051-00 | Financial and Investment Analysts | Primary-Short |
| 13-1141.00 | role-13-1141-00 | Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists | Primary-Short |
| 13-2011.00 | role-13-2011-00 | Accountants and Auditors | Primary-Short |
| 19-3011.00 | role-19-3011-00 | Economists | Primary-Long |
| 13-2053.00 | role-13-2053-00 | Insurance Underwriters | Primary-Long |
| 43-9111.00 | role-43-9111-00 | Statistical Assistants | Primary-Long |
| 13-2061.00 | role-13-2061-00 | Financial Examiners | Primary-Long |
| 11-3031.00 | role-11-3031-00 | Financial Managers | Primary-Long |
| 11-3031.03 | role-11-3031-03 | Investment Fund Managers | Supplemental |
| 13-2099.01 | role-13-2099-01 | Financial Quantitative Analysts | Supplemental |

## Career Clusters

| Cluster | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Financial Services | financial-services |

## Education Level

- **Category:** Bachelor's degree

## Study Programs

| Title | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services | business-management-marketing-and-related-support-services |
| Mathematics and Statistics | mathematics-and-statistics |

## Market

- **Median Wage:** 125770
- **Mean Wage:** 134990
- **Pct10Wage:** 75240
- **Pct25Wage:** 90970
- **Pct75Wage:** 164860
- **Pct90Wage:** 206430
- **Employment:** 28340
- **Area Title:** U.S.

## Industries


### Top

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Median Wage | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 52 | 52 | Finance and Insurance | Sector | 20900 | 126830 | 18.26 |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 4590 | 111640 | 2.32 |
| 524210 | 524210 | Insurance Agencies and Brokerages | National industry | 3590 | 138260 | 19.72 |
| 524114 | 524114 | Direct Health and Medical Insurance Carriers | National industry | 3440 | 107360 | 41.67 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 1130 | 133030 | 2.19 |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 350 | 146130 | 0.21 |
| 61 | 61 | Educational Services | Sector | 150 | 81840 | 0.06 |
| 62 | 62 | Health Care and Social Assistance | Sector | 120 | 83710 | 0.03 |
| 81 | 81 | Other Services (except Public Administration) | Sector | 80 | 170660 |  |
| 561320 | 561320 | Temporary Help Services | National industry | 60 | 158760 |  |
| 51 | 51 | Information | Sector |  | 162770 |  |

### Concentrated

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 524114 | 524114 | Direct Health and Medical Insurance Carriers | National industry | 3440 | 41.67 |
| 524210 | 524210 | Insurance Agencies and Brokerages | National industry | 3590 | 19.72 |
| 52 | 52 | Finance and Insurance | Sector | 20900 | 18.26 |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 4590 | 2.32 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 1130 | 2.19 |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 350 | 0.21 |
| 61 | 61 | Educational Services | Sector | 150 | 0.06 |
| 62 | 62 | Health Care and Social Assistance | Sector | 120 | 0.03 |
- **Count:** 11

## Ai Signals

| Source | Label | Score | Scale | Release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frey_osborne | Computerization probability | 0.21 | 0-1 probability | 2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot |
| felten_aioe | AI occupational exposure | 1.516474 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_image_generation_aioe | Image generation occupational exposure | 1.636606 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_language_modeling_aioe | Language modeling occupational exposure | 1.199589 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |

## Ai Outlook


### Index

- **Value:** 83
- **Percentile:** 88
- **Band:** High
- **Version:** ai-exposure-index-v1

#### Components

| Percentile | Source |
| --- | --- |
| 100 | felten_aioe |
| 95 | openai_gpts_are_gpts |
| 54 | microsoft_working_with_ai |
- **Component Count:** 3

### Exposure

| Source | Label | Value | Percentile | Band | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| felten_aioe | Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) | 1.516474 | 100 | High | How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss. |
| eloundou_gamma | LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) | 1 | 95 | High | Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank. |
| microsoft_applicability | AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) | 0.15814779887083347 | 54 | Moderate | How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement. |

### Frey Historical

- **Source:** frey
- **Label:** Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)
- **Value:** 0.21
- **Percentile:** 33
- **Band:** Low
- **Note:** A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
- **Teleworkable:** yes

### Eloundou

- **Alpha:** 0
- **Beta:** 0.5
- **Gamma:** 1

### Usage Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Importance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Provide advice to clients on a contract basis, working as a consultant. | 0.04190477755547248 | 3.8 |
| Provide expertise to help financial institutions manage risks and maximize returns associated with investment products or credit offerings. | 0.007805791897588011 | 3.12 |
| Determine policy contract provisions for each type of insurance. | 0.004724558253803269 | 3 |
| Explain changes in contract provisions to customers. | 0.002567694703153951 | 2.42 |
- **Usage Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

### Bls

- **Growth Percent:** 21.8
- **Growth Percentile:** 99
- **Direction:** Growing fast
- **Annual Openings Thousands:** 2.4
- **Annual Openings Percentile:** 31
- **Employment2024Thousands:** 33.6
- **Employment2034Thousands:** 40.9

### Sources

| Source | Version |
| --- | --- |
| bls_employment_projections | 2024-2034 |
| dingel_neiman | dingel-neiman-workathome |
| felten_aioe | felten-raj-seamans-aioe |
| frey_osborne | frey-osborne-automation |
| microsoft_working_with_ai | working-with-ai |
| openai_gpts_are_gpts | gpts-are-gpts |

## Ai Playbook

- **Trusted Task Count:** 2
- **Task Count:** 5
- **Total Sample:** 1853
- **Autonomy Median:** 4
- **Dominant Collaboration:** task iteration
- **Automation Share:** 21.9
- **Augmentation Share:** 73.63
- **Work Use Percent:** 68.66

### Collaboration

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| task iteration | 37.82 |
| learning | 27.6 |
| directive | 17.82 |
| validation | 8.21 |
| feedback loop | 4.08 |
| none | 2.46 |

### Use Case

| Label | Percent |
| --- | --- |
| work | 68.66 |
| personal | 26.87 |
| coursework | 4.08 |

### Delegated Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Collaboration | Autonomy Median | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Provide advice to clients on a contract basis, working as a consultant. | 0.17542192774096763 | task iteration | 4 | 1754 |
| Design, review and help administer insurance, annuity and pension plans, determining financial soundness and calculating premiums. | 0.003600450056257032 |  | 4 | 36 |

### Boundary Tasks

| Task | Human Needed Percent | Sample Count |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Provide advice to clients on a contract basis, working as a consultant. | 95.49600912200684 | 1754 |
| Design, review and help administer insurance, annuity and pension plans, determining financial soundness and calculating premiums. | 91.66666666666666 | 36 |

### Seed Prompts

| Prompt | Collaboration |
| --- | --- |
| Let's work through this together, step by step: provide advice to clients on a contract basis, working as a consultant. I'll give feedback as we go. | task iteration |
| Help me with this part of my job: design, review and help administer insurance, annuity and pension plans, determining financial soundness and calculating premiums |  |
- **Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

## Counts

- **Tasks:** 15
- **Skills:** 41
- **Capabilities:** 120
- **Tools:** 42
- **Related Roles:** 20

## Source

- **Dataset:** gold.onet_role_starter_surface
- **Version:** 30.3
- **Generated At:** 2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00
- **Content Hash:** 2e3e2e68bb447d0a