# Accountants and Auditors

> Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.
- **Entity Type:** role
- **Schema Version:** role.v1
- **Soc Code:** 13-2011.00
- **Summary:** Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

## Aliases

- Accountant
- Auditor
- Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
- Financial Auditor
- Accounting Officer
- Audit Partner
- Cost Accountant
- General Accountant
- Internal Auditor
- Revenue Tax Specialist
- Account Auditor
- Accounting Associate

## Tasks

| Text | Type | Iwa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Prepare detailed reports on audit findings. | Core | 4.A.3.b.6.a |
| Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities. | Core | 4.A.4.a.2.c |
| Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies. | Core | 4.A.1.a.1.c |
| Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions. | Core | 4.A.2.a.3.c |
| Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required. | Core | 4.A.4.b.4.j |
| Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters. | Core | 4.A.4.a.2.e |
| Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity. | Core | 4.A.2.a.3.c |
| Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate. | Core | 4.A.2.a.2.a |
| Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations. | Core | 4.A.2.a.3.c |
| Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards. | Core | 4.A.2.a.3.c |
| Prepare adjusting journal entries. | Core | 4.A.2.a.4.k |
| Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences. | Core | 4.A.2.a.3.c |

## Emerging Tasks


## Activities

| Name | Iwa |
| --- | --- |
| Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets. | 4.A.3.b.6.a |
| Report information to managers or other personnel. | 4.A.4.a.2.c |
| Advise others on business or operational matters. | 4.A.4.b.6.e |
| Advise others on financial matters. | 4.A.4.b.6.k |
| Collect evidence for legal proceedings. | 4.A.1.a.1.c |
| Investigate legal issues. | 4.A.1.a.1.c |
| Examine financial records. | 4.A.2.a.3.c |
| Oversee business processes. | 4.A.4.b.4.j |
| Discuss business strategies, practices, or policies with managers. | 4.A.4.a.2.e |
| Examine financial records or processes. | 4.A.2.a.3.c |
| Verify accuracy of records. | 4.A.2.a.2.a |
| Analyze business or financial data. | 4.A.2.a.4.k |
| Analyze financial information. | 4.A.2.a.4.k |
| Prepare financial documents. | 4.A.3.b.6.a |
| Conduct financial or regulatory audits. | 4.A.2.a.3.c |
| Develop business or financial information systems. | 4.A.3.b.2.f |
| Assess financial status of clients. | 4.A.2.a.1.i |
| Evaluate effectiveness of personnel policies or practices. | 4.A.2.a.1.b |
| Verify accuracy of financial information. | 4.A.2.a.2.a |
| Calculate tax information. | 4.A.1.b.3.c |
| Advise others on human resources topics. | 4.A.4.b.6.e |
| Coordinate regulatory documentation activities. | 4.A.4.b.1.g |
| Analyze budgetary or accounting data. | 4.A.2.a.4.k |
| Prepare operational budgets. | 4.A.4.b.4.h |
| Pay charges, fees, or taxes. | 4.A.4.c.1.c |

## Capabilities

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Economics and Accounting | knowledge | 4.65 |
| Oral Comprehension | ability | 4 |
| English Language | knowledge | 3.96 |
| Mathematics | knowledge | 3.92 |
| Reading Comprehension | essential_skill | 3.88 |
| Written Comprehension | ability | 3.88 |
| Oral Expression | ability | 3.88 |
| Active Listening | essential_skill | 3.75 |
| Speaking | essential_skill | 3.75 |
| Critical Thinking | essential_skill | 3.75 |
| Written Expression | ability | 3.75 |
| Problem Sensitivity | ability | 3.75 |
| Deductive Reasoning | ability | 3.75 |
| Inductive Reasoning | ability | 3.75 |
| Near Vision | ability | 3.75 |
| Information Ordering | ability | 3.62 |
| Administration and Management | knowledge | 3.53 |
| Customer and Personal Service | knowledge | 3.51 |
| Writing | essential_skill | 3.5 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | transferable_skill | 3.5 |
| Monitoring | essential_skill | 3.38 |
| Complex Problem Solving | transferable_skill | 3.38 |
| Mathematical Reasoning | ability | 3.38 |
| Speech Recognition | ability | 3.38 |
| Speech Clarity | ability | 3.38 |
| Law and Government | knowledge | 3.33 |
| Mathematics | essential_skill | 3.25 |
| Coordination | transferable_skill | 3.25 |
| Category Flexibility | ability | 3.25 |
| Number Facility | ability | 3.25 |
| Active Learning | essential_skill | 3.12 |
| Social Perceptiveness | transferable_skill | 3.12 |
| Service Orientation | transferable_skill | 3.12 |
| Time Management | transferable_skill | 3.12 |
| Administrative | knowledge | 3.07 |
| Computers and Electronics | knowledge | 3.04 |
| Persuasion | transferable_skill | 3 |
| Flexibility of Closure | ability | 3 |
| Perceptual Speed | ability | 3 |
| Negotiation | transferable_skill | 2.88 |

## Skills

| Name | Type |
| --- | --- |
| English Language | Common Skill |
| Mathematics | Common Skill |
| Reading Comprehension | Common Skill |
| Inductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Deductive Reasoning | Common Skill |
| Critical Thinking | Common Skill |
| Active Listening | Common Skill |
| Information Ordering | Specialized Skill |
| Writing | Common Skill |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Outlook | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Excel | Common Skill |
| Speech Recognition | Specialized Skill |
| Complex Problem Solving | Common Skill |
| Time Management | Common Skill |
| Social Perceptiveness | Common Skill |
| Active Learning | Common Skill |
| Unix | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Word | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Windows | Common Skill |
| Microsoft Visio | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft SharePoint | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Project | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Access | Specialized Skill |
| Google Sheets | Common Skill |
| Google Docs | Specialized Skill |
| Adobe Acrobat | Specialized Skill |
| Systems Analysis | Specialized Skill |
| Negotiation | Common Skill |
| Learning Strategies | Specialized Skill |
| Instructing | Specialized Skill |
| Visualization | Specialized Skill |
| Tax Software | Specialized Skill |
| Sage ERP Accpac | Specialized Skill |
| Sage 300 Construction And Real Estate | Specialized Skill |
| Oracle Hyperion | Specialized Skill |
| Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Publisher | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft OneNote | Specialized Skill |
| Microsoft Dynamics Sl | Specialized Skill |

## Tools

| Example | Category | Hot | In Demand |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Intuit QuickBooks | Accounting software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Excel | Spreadsheet software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Office software | Office suite software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft Outlook | Electronic mail software | yes | yes |
| Microsoft PowerPoint | Presentation software | yes | yes |
| SAP software | Enterprise resource planning ERP software | yes | yes |
| Adobe Acrobat | Document management software | yes | no |
| Alteryx software | Business intelligence and data analysis software | yes | no |
| Epic Systems | Medical software | yes | no |
| Google Docs | Word processing software | yes | no |
| Google Sheets | Spreadsheet software | yes | no |
| IBM SPSS Statistics | Analytical or scientific software | yes | no |
| Intuit TurboTax | Tax preparation software | yes | no |
| MEDITECH software | Medical software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Access | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Project | Project management software | yes | no |
| Microsoft SharePoint | Document management software | yes | no |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Visio | Process mapping and design software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Visual Basic | Development environment software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA | Development environment software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Windows | Operating system software | yes | no |
| Microsoft Word | Word processing software | yes | no |
| Oracle Database | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Oracle PeopleSoft | Enterprise resource planning ERP software | yes | no |
| Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management | Project management software | yes | no |
| R | Object or component oriented development software | yes | no |
| Salesforce software | Customer relationship management CRM software | yes | no |
| SAP Concur | Accounting software | yes | no |
| SAS | Analytical or scientific software | yes | no |
| Structured query language SQL | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| Swift | Object or component oriented development software | yes | no |
| Tableau | Business intelligence and data analysis software | yes | no |
| Teradata Database | Data base management system software | yes | no |
| UNIX | Operating system software | yes | no |
| Workday software | Enterprise resource planning ERP software | yes | no |
| Yardi software | Data base user interface and query software | yes | no |
| 1099 ProsSoftware | Tax preparation software | no | no |
| Abacus Tax | Tax preparation software | no | no |
| Accountants Templates JAZZ-It! | Enterprise resource planning ERP software | no | no |

## Work Context

| Name | Value |
| --- | --- |
| E-Mail | 4.98 |
| Telephone Conversations | 4.85 |
| Importance of Being Exact or Accurate | 4.71 |
| Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams | 4.7 |
| Indoors, Environmentally Controlled | 4.63 |
| Contact With Others | 4.55 |
| Spend Time Sitting | 4.5 |
| Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results | 4.33 |
| Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team | 4.21 |
| Time Pressure | 4.19 |
| Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals | 4.17 |
| Freedom to Make Decisions | 4.04 |
| Frequency of Decision Making | 3.97 |
| Written Letters and Memos | 3.88 |
| Importance of Repeating Same Tasks | 3.85 |
| Deal With External Customers or the Public in General | 3.77 |
| Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers | 3.59 |
| Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities | 3.47 |
| Level of Competition | 3.41 |
| Degree of Automation | 3.05 |
| Physical Proximity | 2.83 |
| Conflict Situations | 2.75 |
| Consequence of Error | 2.75 |
| Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable | 2.59 |
| Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions | 2.58 |
| Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People | 2.44 |
| Health and Safety of Other Workers | 2.33 |
| Public Speaking | 2 |
| Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls | 1.91 |
| In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment | 1.8 |
| Spend Time Standing | 1.8 |
| Spend Time Walking or Running | 1.56 |
| Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled | 1.38 |
| Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions | 1.29 |
| Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions | 1.27 |
| Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures | 1.27 |
| Outdoors, Under Cover | 1.25 |
| Exposed to Contaminants | 1.21 |
| Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions | 1.21 |
| Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body | 1.19 |

## Preparation

- **Job Zone:** 4
- **Job Zone Name:** Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed
- **Education:** Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.
- **Experience:** A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.
- **Svp Range:** (7.0 to < 8.0)

### Education Distribution


## Person Fit

| Name | Family | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Conventional | career_interest_type | 7 |
| Accounting | specific_interest_area | 7 |
| Finance | specific_interest_area | 5.42 |
| Office Work | specific_interest_area | 5.36 |
| Dependability | work_style | 5 |
| Attention to Detail | work_style | 4 |
| Enterprising | career_interest_type | 3.87 |
| Mathematics/Statistics | specific_interest_area | 3.63 |
| Investigative | career_interest_type | 3.57 |
| Management/Administration | specific_interest_area | 3.51 |
| Law | specific_interest_area | 3.27 |
| Integrity | work_style | 3 |
| Information Technology | specific_interest_area | 2.84 |
| Business Initiatives | specific_interest_area | 2.62 |
| Cautiousness | work_style | 2.54 |
| Social | career_interest_type | 2.13 |

## Related Roles

| Soc Code | Slug | Title | Tier |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 43-3031.00 | role-43-3031-00 | Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks | Primary-Short |
| 13-2061.00 | role-13-2061-00 | Financial Examiners | Primary-Short |
| 11-3031.01 | role-11-3031-01 | Treasurers and Controllers | Primary-Short |
| 13-2082.00 | role-13-2082-00 | Tax Preparers | Primary-Short |
| 11-3031.00 | role-11-3031-00 | Financial Managers | Primary-Short |
| 13-2031.00 | role-13-2031-00 | Budget Analysts | Primary-Long |
| 13-2041.00 | role-13-2041-00 | Credit Analysts | Primary-Long |
| 13-2052.00 | role-13-2052-00 | Personal Financial Advisors | Primary-Long |
| 13-2081.00 | role-13-2081-00 | Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents | Primary-Long |
| 13-2051.00 | role-13-2051-00 | Financial and Investment Analysts | Primary-Long |
| 43-3051.00 | role-43-3051-00 | Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks | Supplemental |
| 13-1111.00 | role-13-1111-00 | Management Analysts | Supplemental |

## Career Clusters

| Cluster | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Financial Services | financial-services |

## Education Level

- **Category:** Bachelor's degree

## Study Programs

| Title | Slug |
| --- | --- |
| Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services | business-management-marketing-and-related-support-services |
| Homeland Security, Law Enforcement, Firefighting and Related Protective Services | homeland-security-law-enforcement-firefighting-and-related-protective-services |
| Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies | multi-interdisciplinary-studies |

## Market

- **Median Wage:** 81680
- **Mean Wage:** 93520
- **Pct10Wage:** 52780
- **Pct25Wage:** 64660
- **Pct75Wage:** 106450
- **Pct90Wage:** 141420
- **Employment:** 1448290
- **Area Title:** U.S.

## Industries


### Top

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Median Wage | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 483970 | 82000 | 4.78 |
| 52 | 52 | Finance and Insurance | Sector | 118140 | 87980 | 2.02 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 104930 | 86010 | 3.98 |
| 31-33 | 31-33 | Manufacturing | Sector | 90600 | 83940 | 0.76 |
| 56 | 56 | Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | Sector | 70350 | 80500 | 0.83 |
| 42 | 42 | Wholesale Trade | Sector | 65490 | 82400 | 1.16 |
| 62 | 62 | Health Care and Social Assistance | Sector | 64000 | 76870 | 0.29 |
| 23 | 23 | Construction | Sector | 61820 | 81580 | 0.81 |
| 61 | 61 | Educational Services | Sector | 50520 | 75600 | 0.39 |
| 53 | 53 | Real Estate and Rental and Leasing | Sector | 50410 | 79990 | 2.27 |
| 51 | 51 | Information | Sector | 35230 | 98320 | 1.29 |
| 81 | 81 | Other Services (except Public Administration) | Sector | 34560 | 79990 | 0.83 |

### Concentrated

| Naics | Slug | Title | Level | Employment | Lq |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 221118 | 221118 | Other Electric Power Generation | National industry | 170 | 5.19 |
| 54 | 54 | Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | Sector | 483970 | 4.78 |
| 55 | 55 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | Sector | 104930 | 3.98 |
| 221114 | 221114 | Solar Electric Power Generation | National industry | 500 | 3.82 |
| 813930 | 813930 | Labor Unions and Similar Labor Organizations | National industry | 3460 | 3.48 |
| 53 | 53 | Real Estate and Rental and Leasing | Sector | 50410 | 2.27 |
| 52 | 52 | Finance and Insurance | Sector | 118140 | 2.02 |
| 524114 | 524114 | Direct Health and Medical Insurance Carriers | National industry | 8290 | 1.97 |
- **Count:** 66

## Ai Signals

| Source | Label | Score | Scale | Release |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| frey_osborne | Computerization probability | 0.94 | 0-1 probability | 2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot |
| felten_aioe | AI occupational exposure | 1.481956 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_image_generation_aioe | Image generation occupational exposure | 1.572091 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |
| felten_language_modeling_aioe | Language modeling occupational exposure | 1.214001 | relative exposure score | 2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks |

## Ai Outlook


### Index

- **Value:** 87
- **Percentile:** 93
- **Band:** High
- **Version:** ai-exposure-index-v1

#### Components

| Percentile | Source |
| --- | --- |
| 99 | felten_aioe |
| 95 | openai_gpts_are_gpts |
| 66 | microsoft_working_with_ai |
- **Component Count:** 3

### Exposure

| Source | Label | Value | Percentile | Band | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| felten_aioe | Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) | 1.481956 | 99 | High | How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss. |
| eloundou_gamma | LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) | 1 | 95 | High | Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank. |
| microsoft_applicability | AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) | 0.19459559510931465 | 66 | Moderate | How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement. |

### Frey Historical

- **Source:** frey
- **Label:** Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)
- **Value:** 0.94
- **Percentile:** 86
- **Band:** High
- **Note:** A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
- **Teleworkable:** yes

### Eloundou

- **Alpha:** 0.12
- **Beta:** 0.56
- **Gamma:** 1

### Usage Tasks

| Task | Usage Percent | Importance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology. | 0.1341363712927624 | 3.99 |
| Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice. | 0.06593839997699345 | 4.03 |
| Prepare detailed reports on audit findings. | 0.006676006228200272 | 4.58 |
| Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts. | 0.0026704024912801087 | 4.14 |
| Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity. | 0.002156863550649319 | 4.3 |
| Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards. | 0.002156863550649319 | 4.24 |
- **Usage Release:** 2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2

### Bls

- **Growth Percent:** 4.6
- **Growth Percentile:** 72
- **Direction:** About average
- **Annual Openings Thousands:** 124.2
- **Annual Openings Percentile:** 96
- **Employment2024Thousands:** 1579.8
- **Employment2034Thousands:** 1652.6

### Sources

| Source | Version |
| --- | --- |
| bls_employment_projections | 2024-2034 |
| dingel_neiman | dingel-neiman-workathome |
| felten_aioe | felten-raj-seamans-aioe |
| frey_osborne | frey-osborne-automation |
| microsoft_working_with_ai | working-with-ai |
| openai_gpts_are_gpts | gpts-are-gpts |

## Counts

- **Tasks:** 29
- **Skills:** 66
- **Capabilities:** 120
- **Tools:** 237
- **Related Roles:** 20

## Source

- **Dataset:** gold.onet_role_starter_surface
- **Version:** 30.3
- **Generated At:** 2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00
- **Content Hash:** 885b0e779465fd41