entityType = "role"
schemaVersion = "role.v1"
slug = "role-11-9131-00"
socCode = "11-9131.00"
title = "Postmasters and Mail Superintendents"
summary = "Plan, direct, or coordinate operational, administrative, management, and support services of a U.S. post office; or coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office."
aliases = ["Distribution Operation Supervisor (SDO)", "Distribution Operations Manager", "Postmaster", "Remote Encoding Center Manager", "Delivery Supervisor", "Distribution Operations Supervisor", "Mail Delivery Supervisor", "Postal Supervisor", "Postmaster Relief (PMR)", "Remote Encoding Operations Supervisor", "Mail Superintendent", "Order to Delivery Supervisor"]
emergingTasks = []

[preparation]
jobZone = "2"
jobZoneName = "Job Zone 1-2: Very Little to Some Preparation Needed"
education = "Usually requires a high school diploma or GED, though some occupations may not."
experience = "Some occupations may need little or no previous experience; others require several months to a year of experience. For example, landscaping and groundskeeping workers might require very little training or previous experience, while agricultural equipment operators can benefit from on-the job training."
svpRange = "(Below 6.0)"

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "High School Diploma"
percentage = 62.1

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Bachelor's Degree"
percentage = 13.44

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Some College Courses"
percentage = 11.07

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Post-Secondary Certificate"
percentage = 6.69

[[preparation.educationDistribution]]
label = "Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree)"
percentage = 6.69

[educationLevel]
category = "High school diploma or equivalent"
slug = "high-school-diploma-or-equivalent"

[market]
medianWage = 92730
meanWage = 93760
pct10Wage = 81430
pct25Wage = 87150
pct75Wage = 99590
pct90Wage = 109140
employment = 13810
areaTitle = "U.S."

[industries]
count = 1

[[industries.top]]
naics = "48-49"
slug = "48-49"
title = "Transportation and Warehousing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 13810
medianWage = 92730
lq = 20.86

[[industries.concentrated]]
naics = "48-49"
slug = "48-49"
title = "Transportation and Warehousing"
level = "Sector"
employment = 13810
lq = 20.86

[aiOutlook]
teleworkable = true
usageRelease = "2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2"

[aiOutlook.index]
value = 60
percentile = 59
band = "Moderate"
version = "ai-exposure-index-v1"
componentCount = 3

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 68
source = "felten_aioe"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 79
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"

[[aiOutlook.index.components]]
percentile = 33
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"

[aiOutlook.freyHistorical]
source = "frey"
label = "Computerization probability (Frey & Osborne, 2013)"
value = 0.75
percentile = 61
band = "Moderate"
note = "A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking."

[aiOutlook.eloundou]
alpha = 0.14285714285714285
beta = 0.5238095238095237
gamma = 0.9047619047619047

[aiOutlook.bls]
growthPercent = -3.5
growthPercentile = 15
direction = "Declining"
annualOpeningsThousands = 0.9
annualOpeningsPercentile = 14
employment2024Thousands = 13.1
employment2034Thousands = 12.7

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.)"
value = 0.8233757
percentile = 68
band = "High"
note = "How much this job's abilities overlap with what AI systems can do, across many AI capabilities. A relative research score, not a forecast of job loss."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "eloundou_gamma"
label = "LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou)"
value = 0.9047619047619047
percentile = 79
band = "High"
note = "Share of this job's tasks where a large language model plus simple tools could cut the time to do them by at least half. γ is capped at 1.0 and many jobs reach that ceiling, so treat a top score as 'in the top group', not a precise rank."

[[aiOutlook.exposure]]
source = "microsoft_applicability"
label = "AI assistant applicability (Microsoft)"
value = 0.10914518134764502
percentile = 33
band = "Low"
note = "How applicable today's AI assistants are to this job's activities, measured from real Microsoft Copilot conversations. Applicability is not the same as replacement."

[[aiOutlook.usageTasks]]
task = "Resolve customer complaints."
usagePercent = 0.015508876007049862
importance = 4.55

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "bls_employment_projections"
version = "2024-2034"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "dingel_neiman"
version = "dingel-neiman-workathome"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "felten_aioe"
version = "felten-raj-seamans-aioe"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "frey_osborne"
version = "frey-osborne-automation"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "microsoft_working_with_ai"
version = "working-with-ai"

[[aiOutlook.sources]]
source = "openai_gpts_are_gpts"
version = "gpts-are-gpts"

[counts]
tasks = 13
skills = 39
capabilities = 120
tools = 19
relatedRoles = 20

[source]
dataset = "gold.onet_role_starter_surface"
version = "30.3"
generatedAt = "2026-06-02T21:00:32.945303+00:00"
contentHash = "7733c7ebda1ea2f6"

[[tasks]]
text = "Monitor employees' work schedules and attendance for payroll purposes."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.1.f"

[[tasks]]
text = "Organize and supervise activities, such as the processing of incoming and outgoing mail."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[tasks]]
text = "Resolve customer complaints."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.a.8.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Prepare employee work schedules."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.1.f"

[[tasks]]
text = "Direct and coordinate operational, management, and supportive services of one or a number of postal facilities."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[tasks]]
text = "Hire and train employees, and evaluate their performance."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.2.a.1.d"

[[tasks]]
text = "Prepare and submit detailed and summary reports of post office activities to designated supervisors."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.o"

[[tasks]]
text = "Select and train postmasters and managers of associate postal units."
type = "Supplemental"
iwa = "4.A.4.b.3.d"

[[tasks]]
text = "Inform the public of available services, and of postal laws and regulations."
type = "Supplemental"
iwa = "4.A.4.a.3.c"

[[tasks]]
text = "Negotiate labor disputes."
type = "Core"
iwa = "4.A.4.a.7.b"

[[tasks]]
text = "Issue and cash money orders."
type = "Supplemental"
iwa = "4.A.4.c.3.d"

[[tasks]]
text = "Collect rents for post office boxes."
type = "Supplemental"
iwa = "4.A.4.c.3.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare staff schedules or work assignments."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.1.f"

[[activities]]
name = "Direct organizational operations, projects, or services."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Direct administrative or support services."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.4.j"

[[activities]]
name = "Resolve customer complaints or problems."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.8.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Evaluate employee performance."
iwa = "4.A.2.a.1.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Conduct employee training programs."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.3.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Hire personnel."
iwa = "4.A.4.c.2.a"

[[activities]]
name = "Prepare operational progress or status reports."
iwa = "4.A.3.b.6.o"

[[activities]]
name = "Negotiate labor disputes."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.7.b"

[[activities]]
name = "Collect payments for goods or services."
iwa = "4.A.4.c.3.d"

[[activities]]
name = "Provide basic information to guests, visitors, or clients."
iwa = "4.A.4.a.3.c"

[[activities]]
name = "Coordinate with external parties to exchange information."
iwa = "4.A.4.b.1.c"

[[capabilities]]
name = "Administration and Management"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.42

[[capabilities]]
name = "Public Safety and Security"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.2

[[capabilities]]
name = "English Language"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.08

[[capabilities]]
name = "Production and Processing"
family = "knowledge"
value = 4.03

[[capabilities]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Listening"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speaking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Coordination"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Time Management"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Comprehension"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Oral Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 4

[[capabilities]]
name = "Customer and Personal Service"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.96

[[capabilities]]
name = "Management of Personnel Resources"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Speech Clarity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.88

[[capabilities]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Monitoring"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Problem Sensitivity"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
family = "ability"
value = 3.75

[[capabilities]]
name = "Education and Training"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.68

[[capabilities]]
name = "Negotiation"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Information Ordering"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Near Vision"
family = "ability"
value = 3.62

[[capabilities]]
name = "Personnel and Human Resources"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.59

[[capabilities]]
name = "Mathematics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.59

[[capabilities]]
name = "Administrative"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.58

[[capabilities]]
name = "Computers and Electronics"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.57

[[capabilities]]
name = "Transportation"
family = "knowledge"
value = 3.54

[[capabilities]]
name = "Written Expression"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Category Flexibility"
family = "ability"
value = 3.5

[[capabilities]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Service Orientation"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.38

[[capabilities]]
name = "Writing"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Active Learning"
family = "essential_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Persuasion"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Instructing"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.25

[[capabilities]]
name = "Judgment and Decision Making"
family = "transferable_skill"
value = 3.25

[[skills]]
name = "English Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Time Management"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Social Perceptiveness"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Reading Comprehension"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Listening"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Speech Recognition"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Deductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Inductive Reasoning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Critical Thinking"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Negotiation"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Information Ordering"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Mathematics"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Outlook"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Excel"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Learning Strategies"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Writing"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Instructing"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Active Learning"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Complex Problem Solving"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Psychology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Systems Analysis"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Word"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft Windows"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Visualization"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Telecommunications"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Finger Dexterity"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Geography"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Email Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Depth Perception"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Foreign Language"
type = "Common Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Chemistry"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Physics"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Biology"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Procurement Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Presentation Software"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Installation"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Selection"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[skills]]
name = "Equipment Maintenance"
type = "Specialized Skill"

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Excel"
category = "Spreadsheet software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Office software"
category = "Office suite software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Outlook"
category = "Electronic mail software"
hot = true
inDemand = true

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft PowerPoint"
category = "Presentation software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Windows"
category = "Operating system software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Microsoft Word"
category = "Word processing software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "SAP software"
category = "Enterprise resource planning ERP software"
hot = true
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Collection Point Management System CPMS"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "eBuy"
category = "Procurement software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Email software"
category = "Electronic mail software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Facility database software"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Payroll software"
category = "Time accounting software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Personnel management software"
category = "Human resources software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Personnel scheduling software"
category = "Human resources software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Postal boundary mapping software"
category = "Map creation software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Postal tracking software"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Vehicle management software"
category = "Facilities management software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Web Box Activity Tracing System WebBATS"
category = "Data base user interface and query software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[tools]]
example = "Web browser software"
category = "Internet browser software"
hot = false
inDemand = false

[[workContext]]
name = "Contact With Others"
value = 4.96

[[workContext]]
name = "Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams"
value = 4.92

[[workContext]]
name = "Time Pressure"
value = 4.92

[[workContext]]
name = "E-Mail"
value = 4.88

[[workContext]]
name = "Telephone Conversations"
value = 4.83

[[workContext]]
name = "Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers"
value = 4.69

[[workContext]]
name = "Health and Safety of Other Workers"
value = 4.68

[[workContext]]
name = "Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team"
value = 4.66

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Environmentally Controlled"
value = 4.66

[[workContext]]
name = "Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities"
value = 4.59

[[workContext]]
name = "Deal With External Customers or the Public in General"
value = 4.54

[[workContext]]
name = "Written Letters and Memos"
value = 4.5

[[workContext]]
name = "Frequency of Decision Making"
value = 4.5

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People"
value = 4.28

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Being Exact or Accurate"
value = 4.17

[[workContext]]
name = "Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results"
value = 4.16

[[workContext]]
name = "Conflict Situations"
value = 4.15

[[workContext]]
name = "Freedom to Make Decisions"
value = 3.97

[[workContext]]
name = "Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals"
value = 3.89

[[workContext]]
name = "Public Speaking"
value = 3.79

[[workContext]]
name = "Importance of Repeating Same Tasks"
value = 3.73

[[workContext]]
name = "Level of Competition"
value = 3.39

[[workContext]]
name = "Physical Proximity"
value = 3.23

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Standing"
value = 3.14

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Sitting"
value = 3.09

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable"
value = 3.06

[[workContext]]
name = "In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment"
value = 3

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Contaminants"
value = 2.95

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Walking or Running"
value = 2.95

[[workContext]]
name = "Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions"
value = 2.84

[[workContext]]
name = "Degree of Automation"
value = 2.62

[[workContext]]
name = "Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment"
value = 2.59

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures"
value = 2.5

[[workContext]]
name = "Consequence of Error"
value = 2.42

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions"
value = 2.41

[[workContext]]
name = "Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled"
value = 2.24

[[workContext]]
name = "Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People"
value = 2.04

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions"
value = 1.8

[[workContext]]
name = "Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls"
value = 1.8

[[workContext]]
name = "Exposed to Disease or Infections"
value = 1.67

[[personFit]]
name = "Management/Administration"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 6.33

[[personFit]]
name = "Enterprising"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 6

[[personFit]]
name = "Conventional"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 5.69

[[personFit]]
name = "Office Work"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.7

[[personFit]]
name = "Human Resources"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 4.38

[[personFit]]
name = "Dependability"
family = "work_style"
value = 4

[[personFit]]
name = "Social"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 3.35

[[personFit]]
name = "Attention to Detail"
family = "work_style"
value = 3

[[personFit]]
name = "Accounting"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.99

[[personFit]]
name = "Leadership Orientation"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.87

[[personFit]]
name = "Business Initiatives"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.39

[[personFit]]
name = "Integrity"
family = "work_style"
value = 2.28

[[personFit]]
name = "Public Speaking"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.22

[[personFit]]
name = "Realistic"
family = "career_interest_type"
value = 2.14

[[personFit]]
name = "Personal Service"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2.14

[[personFit]]
name = "Finance"
family = "specific_interest_area"
value = 2

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "43-5051.00"
slug = "role-43-5051-00"
title = "Postal Service Clerks"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "11-3071.00"
slug = "role-11-3071-00"
title = "Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "43-1011.00"
slug = "role-43-1011-00"
title = "First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "11-3012.00"
slug = "role-11-3012-00"
title = "Administrative Services Managers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "11-1021.00"
slug = "role-11-1021-00"
title = "General and Operations Managers"
tier = "Primary-Short"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "43-5053.00"
slug = "role-43-5053-00"
title = "Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "53-1042.00"
slug = "role-53-1042-00"
title = "First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "53-1043.00"
slug = "role-53-1043-00"
title = "First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "41-1012.00"
slug = "role-41-1012-00"
title = "First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "51-1011.00"
slug = "role-51-1011-00"
title = "First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers"
tier = "Primary-Long"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "43-5032.00"
slug = "role-43-5032-00"
title = "Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[relatedRoles]]
socCode = "43-5071.00"
slug = "role-43-5071-00"
title = "Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks"
tier = "Supplemental"

[[careerClusters]]
cluster = "Public Service & Safety"
slug = "public-service-safety"

[[studyPrograms]]
title = "Public Administration and Social Service Professions"
slug = "public-administration-and-social-service-professions"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "frey_osborne"
label = "Computerization probability"
score = 0.75
scale = "0-1 probability"
release = "2013-baseline-2016-employment-snapshot"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_aioe"
label = "AI occupational exposure"
score = 0.8233757
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_image_generation_aioe"
label = "Image generation occupational exposure"
score = 0.4705282
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"

[[aiSignals]]
source = "felten_language_modeling_aioe"
label = "Language modeling occupational exposure"
score = 0.8657041
scale = "relative exposure score"
release = "2021-plus-generative-ai-workbooks"
